The correct answer is A. PQSR.
Alexander was a disciple of Aristotle, who was a great conqueror, whom the world acknowledges as the greatest philosopher the world has ever known.
In this sentence, P (Alexander) is the subject of the sentence, and Q (was a disciple of Aristotle) is the predicate. R (who was a great conqueror) is an appositive phrase that modifies Q. S (whom the world acknowledges as the greatest philosopher the world has ever known) is another appositive phrase that modifies Q.
The correct sequence of the sentence is therefore PQSR.