The correct answer is D. All of the above.
A systems theory of management is a holistic approach to management that views the organization as a system of interrelated parts. The manager is seen as the control mechanism, responsible for ensuring that the organization achieves its goals. The use of both environmental and internal information is essential for effective management, as it allows the manager to understand the organization’s context and to make informed decisions. Objectives or standards of performance are also essential, as they provide a benchmark against which the organization’s performance can be measured.
Option A is correct because the manager is responsible for ensuring that the organization achieves its goals. The manager does this by setting objectives, monitoring performance, and taking corrective action when necessary.
Option B is correct because the use of both environmental and internal information is essential for effective management. Environmental information provides the manager with an understanding of the organization’s context, such as the industry in which it operates, the competition, and the economy. Internal information provides the manager with an understanding of the organization’s strengths and weaknesses.
Option C is correct because objectives or standards of performance are essential for effective management. Objectives provide a benchmark against which the organization’s performance can be measured. Standards of performance provide a more detailed description of what is expected of the organization.
Option E is incorrect because all of the above are essential for a systems theory of management.