The correct answer is: All of the above.
Odisha is a state in eastern India with a population of over 45 million people. The state has a long history of poverty and underdevelopment, and its Human Development Index (HDI) is below the national average. There are a number of challenges to improving Odisha’s HDI, including resource constraints, regional disparities, and social inequalities.
Resource constraints are a major challenge to development in Odisha. The state has a relatively low per capita income and a high proportion of people living below the poverty line. This means that there are limited resources available to invest in development, such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure.
Regional disparities are another challenge to development in Odisha. The state is divided into three regions: coastal Odisha, western Odisha, and northern Odisha. Coastal Odisha is the most developed region, while western Odisha and northern Odisha are the least developed regions. This disparity is due to a number of factors, including differences in natural resources, infrastructure, and investment.
Social inequalities are also a challenge to development in Odisha. The state has a high level of caste-based discrimination, which has a negative impact on the opportunities available to people from lower castes. There is also a gender gap in education and employment, which disadvantages women.
All of these challenges make it difficult to improve Odisha’s HDI. However, the state has made some progress in recent years. The government has invested in education, healthcare, and infrastructure, and there has been some reduction in poverty. However, more needs to be done to address the challenges of resource constraints, regional disparities, and social inequalities.