The correct answer is: d) All of the above
Mining activities in Odisha have been associated with a number of challenges, including deforestation, water pollution, and displacement of communities.
Deforestation is a major problem associated with mining activities. In order to access mineral deposits, trees are often cleared, which can lead to the loss of biodiversity and habitat. Deforestation can also contribute to climate change by releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Water pollution is another major problem associated with mining activities. Mining operations can release pollutants into water bodies, which can harm aquatic life and make water unsafe for human consumption. Water pollution can also contribute to the spread of disease.
Displacement of communities is another major problem associated with mining activities. In order to make way for mining operations, people are often forced to leave their homes and land. This can lead to social and economic disruption, and can also have a negative impact on the health and well-being of displaced people.
The challenges associated with mining activities in Odisha are complex and interrelated. It is important to understand these challenges in order to develop effective solutions.