Which of the following has/have occurred in India after its liberaliza

Which of the following has/have occurred in India after its liberalization of economic policies in 1991?

  • Share of agriculture in GDP increased enormously.
  • Share of India’s exports in world trade increased.
  • FDI flows increased.
  • India’s foreign exchange reserves increased enormously.

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

1 and 4 only
2, 3 and 4 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2, 3 and 4
This question was previously asked in
UPSC IAS – 2017
The correct answer is B) 2, 3 and 4 only. After the liberalization of economic policies in 1991, India experienced significant increases in its share of world trade, FDI flows, and foreign exchange reserves, while the share of agriculture in GDP declined.
– Statement 1 is incorrect. The share of agriculture in India’s GDP has consistently declined after 1991, although a large proportion of the population still depends on it for livelihood. This is a common structural transformation in developing economies.
– Statement 2 is correct. Liberalization led to increased trade integration with the global economy, resulting in a rise in India’s share of global exports.
– Statement 3 is correct. Policy changes opened up the Indian economy to foreign investment, leading to a substantial increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows.
– Statement 4 is correct. Increased trade surplus (in some periods), capital inflows (FDI, FII, external commercial borrowings), and remittances led to a massive increase in India’s foreign exchange reserves.
The 1991 reforms were aimed at dismantling the ‘License Raj’, opening the economy to greater domestic and international competition, and integrating it with the global economy. These reforms led to higher economic growth rates, increased trade, and greater foreign investment, fundamentally transforming the Indian economy.