Which of the following is/are important markers for the archaeologists

Which of the following is/are important markers for the archaeologists to identify an archaeological site as a ‘center of craft production’?

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1. Evidence of raw materials such as stone nodules, whole shells, etc.
2. Geographical expanse of the site
3. Evidence of unfinished objects, rejects and waste material
4. Evidence of variety of pottery

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

1 only

1 and 3 only

2 and 4 only

3 only

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This question was previously asked in

UPSC CAPF – 2023

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An archaeological site can be identified as a ‘center of craft production’ based on the presence of evidence directly related to manufacturing processes. The availability of raw materials indicates where production inputs were sourced. Evidence of unfinished objects, rejects, and waste material are direct indicators of manufacturing activities taking place at the site; unfinished items show stages of production, rejects show errors or discards from the process, and waste materials are byproducts of production. These elements combined strongly suggest on-site craft production.

Key markers of craft production sites include the presence of raw materials, tools used for production, and evidence of the production process itself, such as unfinished goods, broken or rejected pieces, and debris/waste material.

Geographical expanse of a site (Statement 2) relates to its size and potentially population or range of activities, but not specifically to craft production. While a large site might include craft production areas, size itself isn’t a direct marker. Evidence of variety of pottery (Statement 4) indicates trade, consumption, or diverse cultural influences at a site, but not necessarily pottery production on-site unless accompanied by evidence like kilns, specific clay sources, or manufacturing tools/waste.

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