Stalactite, stalagmite and pillars are the depositional landforms of

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running water.

wind.

glacier.

underground water.

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This question was previously asked in

UPSC NDA-2 – 2019

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Stalactites, stalagmites, and pillars are depositional landforms typically found in karst topography, which is shaped by the action of underground water dissolving and redepositing soluble rock, primarily limestone.

Stalactites hang from the ceiling of caves, formed by calcium carbonate deposited from dripping water. Stalagmites rise from the cave floor as water drips from above. Pillars are formed when a stalactite and a stalagmite meet.

These features are formed through the process of precipitation of dissolved minerals (calcite) as the water, supersaturated with calcium bicarbonate, loses carbon dioxide upon exposure to the cave air. Underground water is the primary agent responsible for both the dissolution (creating caves) and deposition (forming these structures) in karst regions.

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