Although used earlier by French and German writers, the term 'Industri

Although used earlier by French and German writers, the term ‘Industrial Revolution’ in English was first popularized by

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Adam Smith

Arnold Toynbee

James Mill

Bertrand Russell

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UPSC NDA-2 – 2016

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The correct answer is Arnold Toynbee.

While the term ‘Industrial Revolution’ was used earlier by French writers like Adolphe Jérôme Blanqui and German writers, it was popularized in English by the British economic historian Arnold Toynbee through his posthumously published “Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England” (1884).

Arnold Toynbee’s lectures provided one of the first systematic analyses of the economic and social changes that occurred in Britain during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, solidifying the term’s use and meaning in the English-speaking world. Adam Smith is known for his work on classical economics, particularly “The Wealth of Nations” (1776), which predates the full swing of the Industrial Revolution and its conceptualization as such. James Mill was a historian and philosopher associated with Utilitarianism. Bertrand Russell was a 20th-century philosopher, logician, and social critic.

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