Which one of the following Sufi saints of Qadiriyya order was condemne

Which one of the following Sufi saints of Qadiriyya order was condemned by Aurangzeb for his discussion on Wahdat-al-wujud with his father Shahjahan and elder brother Dara Shikoh?

Shaikh Abdul Qadir

Shaikh Hamid

Miyan Mir

Mulla Shah

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UPSC Geoscientist – 2020

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Mulla Shah Badakhshi was a prominent Sufi saint of the Qadiriyya order and the chief disciple of Miyan Mir. He was the spiritual preceptor of Prince Dara Shikoh, Emperor Shah Jahan’s elder son. Both Shah Jahan and Dara Shikoh were interested in Sufism and engaged in discussions with Mulla Shah, including on concepts like Wahdat-al-wujud (unity of being), which was central to many Sufi philosophies. Aurangzeb, an orthodox Sunni, viewed Dara Shikoh’s syncretic approach and ideas like Wahdat-al-wujud with suspicion and considered them heretical. After becoming emperor, Aurangzeb persecuted those associated with Dara Shikoh, including Mulla Shah, whom he exiled from Lahore.

Mulla Shah, a Qadiriyya Sufi and teacher of Dara Shikoh, discussed Wahdat-al-wujud with Dara Shikoh and Shah Jahan and was condemned/exiled by Aurangzeb for his association and views. Miyan Mir, his teacher, passed away before Aurangzeb’s reign began.

The concept of Wahdat-al-wujud posits the ultimate unity of existence, where God is the only reality. This concept was interpreted in various ways by different Sufis and was sometimes seen as controversial by orthodox ulema. Dara Shikoh’s philosophical interests, including his work “Majma-ul-Bahrain” (Confluence of Two Seas) comparing Hindu and Sufi philosophies, were opposed by Aurangzeb.

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