In the first century AD, which among the following was not a major ite

In the first century AD, which among the following was not a major item of Indian exports to Rome?

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Pepper

Spikenard

Tortoiseshell

Nutmeg

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UPSC CDS-2 – 2018

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In the first century AD, major items exported from India to the Roman Empire included spices like pepper, aromatics like spikenard, textiles, precious stones, ivory, and tortoiseshell. Nutmeg, however, is native to the Banda Islands (in present-day Indonesia) and was not a significant export item from India to Rome during this period. Its trade became prominent much later.

Trade between India and the Roman Empire flourished during the early centuries AD, primarily through sea routes via the Red Sea. Texts like the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea provide lists of goods traded.

Spices, perfumes, and luxury goods were highly valued in the Roman market, leading to a significant outflow of gold from Rome to India, which was commented upon by Roman writers.

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