Liquids and gases never show

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diamagnetic property

paramagnetic property

ferromagnetic property

electromagnetic property

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This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-2 – 2016

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Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials, like iron, nickel, and cobalt, where the magnetic moments of atoms are strongly aligned within domains, leading to a large, spontaneous magnetization. This domain structure and strong cooperative alignment are characteristic of solid states and do not occur in liquids or gases under normal conditions.

Ferromagnetism requires a specific long-range ordering of magnetic moments and formation of magnetic domains, which is typically a property of crystalline solids. Liquids and gases lack the necessary atomic structure for this phenomenon.

Liquids and gases can exhibit diamagnetic properties (weak repulsion from magnetic fields, present in all materials) and paramagnetic properties (weak attraction to magnetic fields due to unpaired electrons). Electromagnetic properties are general properties of matter involving interaction with electric and magnetic fields, which all materials possess. Ferromagnetism is a specific, strong magnetic property not found in liquid or gaseous states.

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