The correct answer is D. All of the above.
A sewer running partially full and hurried with back filled, fails in compression due to the weight of the pipe, the weight of the backfill, and superimposed traffic loads.
The weight of the pipe is the most obvious factor that can cause a sewer to fail in compression. The heavier the pipe, the more likely it is to collapse under its own weight.
The weight of the backfill is also a significant factor. When a sewer is backfilled, the soil is compacted around the pipe. This compaction increases the pressure on the pipe, which can cause it to fail.
Superimposed traffic loads can also cause a sewer to fail in compression. When vehicles drive over a sewer, the weight of the vehicles can cause the soil to compact and put additional pressure on the pipe.
All of these factors can contribute to the failure of a sewer in compression. Therefore, the correct answer is D. All of the above.
In addition to the factors mentioned above, other factors that can contribute to the failure of a sewer in compression include:
- The type of pipe material. Some materials, such as concrete, are more susceptible to compression than others.
- The age of the pipe. Older pipes are more likely to fail than newer pipes.
- The condition of the pipe. A pipe that is damaged or corroded is more likely to fail than a pipe that is in good condition.
- The installation of the pipe. If the pipe is not installed properly, it is more likely to fail.
- The soil conditions. If the soil is not stable, it can put additional pressure on the pipe and cause it to fail.
If you are concerned about the possibility of a sewer failure in your home or business, you should contact a qualified plumber to inspect your sewer system and make recommendations for repairs or replacement.