The correct answer is: D) Religious oppression.
The Mappila Outbreaks were a series of violent conflicts between the Mappila Muslims and the Hindu and Christian communities in the Malabar region of India from the 18th to the 20th centuries. The outbreaks were primarily motivated by religious oppression, as the Mappila Muslims felt that they were being discriminated against by the Hindu and Christian majority.
The first Mappila Outbreak occurred in 1721, and there were several more outbreaks throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. The most serious outbreak occurred in 1921, and it resulted in the deaths of thousands of people.
The Mappila Outbreaks were a complex phenomenon, and there were many factors that contributed to them. However, religious oppression was a major factor, and it is clear that the Mappila Muslims felt that they were being persecuted by the Hindu and Christian majority.
A) Feudal landlords: The Mappila Outbreaks were not primarily motivated by a desire to overthrow feudal landlords. While there was some resentment against feudal landlords, this was not the main cause of the outbreaks.
B) Foreign traders: The Mappila Outbreaks were not primarily motivated by a desire to expel foreign traders. While there was some resentment against foreign traders, this was not the main cause of the outbreaks.
C) Colonial rule: The Mappila Outbreaks were not primarily motivated by a desire to overthrow colonial rule. While there was some resentment against colonial rule, this was not the main cause of the outbreaks.