The correct answer is: d) All of the above
Punjab was a major center of handicrafts and manufacturing before the British Raj. However, the British colonial government implemented a number of policies that led to the decline of these industries.
One of the most important factors was the competition from British manufactured goods. British goods were often cheaper and of higher quality than Indian goods, and they were often imported duty-free. This made it difficult for Indian manufacturers to compete.
Another factor was the loss of patronage. The British government often gave contracts to British companies, rather than Indian companies. This meant that Indian companies lost out on a lot of business.
Finally, the British government imposed a number of taxes on Indian industries. These taxes made it difficult for Indian companies to make a profit.
As a result of these factors, many traditional industries in Punjab declined. This had a devastating impact on the economy of the region.
Here is a brief explanation of each option:
- Competition from British manufactured goods: British goods were often cheaper and of higher quality than Indian goods, and they were often imported duty-free. This made it difficult for Indian manufacturers to compete.
- Loss of patronage: The British government often gave contracts to British companies, rather than Indian companies. This meant that Indian companies lost out on a lot of business.
- Tax policies: The British government imposed a number of taxes on Indian industries. These taxes made it difficult for Indian companies to make a profit.