The correct answer is: B. when gravity drainage has ceased
Waterlogging is a condition in which the soil is saturated with water and there is no drainage. This can happen when there is too much rain, or when irrigation is not properly managed. Waterlogged soil can be harmful to plants, as it can prevent them from getting the oxygen they need. It can also lead to the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi.
Option A is incorrect because the permanent wilting point is the point at which plants can no longer absorb water from the soil. This is not the same as waterlogging, which is a condition in which the soil is saturated with water.
Option C is incorrect because the capillary fringe is the zone of soil that is saturated with water but not completely saturated. This is not the same as waterlogging, which is a condition in which the soil is completely saturated with water.
Option D is incorrect because waterlogging is a real and well-defined condition. It is not a made-up concept.