The correct answer is: Climate, parent material, and topography.
Climate is the most important factor influencing soil formation. The type of climate determines the amount of precipitation, temperature, and wind that a region receives. These factors in turn affect the rate of weathering, the type of vegetation that grows, and the amount of organic matter that is added to the soil.
Parent material is the material from which the soil is formed. It can be rock, sediment, or organic matter. The type of parent material affects the chemical and physical properties of the soil.
Topography is the physical features of the land, such as hills, valleys, and mountains. Topography affects the drainage of the soil and the amount of sunlight that it receives. These factors in turn affect the type of vegetation that grows and the amount of organic matter that is added to the soil.
Proximity to the ocean, mining activities, and industrial pollution are all factors that can influence soil formation, but they are not as important as climate, parent material, and topography.
Proximity to the ocean can affect the amount of salt in the soil. Soils that are close to the ocean are more likely to be salty.
Mining activities can disturb the soil and add pollutants to it. Soils that are near mines are more likely to be polluted.
Industrial pollution can also add pollutants to the soil. Soils that are near factories are more likely to be polluted.
However, climate, parent material, and topography are the most important factors influencing soil formation.