The correct answer is D.
India’s independence in 1947 posed a challenge to the continuation of the princely state of Hyderabad, British direct rule over parts of Telangana, and feudal landholding systems.
The princely state of Hyderabad was a large and populous state in the Indian subcontinent that was ruled by a Muslim Nizam. The Nizam was reluctant to join the Indian Union, and he only did so after the Indian government threatened to use force.
British direct rule over parts of Telangana was also a challenge to India’s independence. The British had ruled Telangana for over a century, and they had established a system of indirect rule through local chiefs. This system was seen as oppressive by many people in Telangana, and they welcomed the end of British rule.
Feudal landholding systems were also a challenge to India’s independence. These systems were based on the ownership of land by a small number of landlords, who often exploited their tenants. The Indian government sought to abolish these systems after independence, but they proved to be difficult to change.
In conclusion, India’s independence in 1947 posed a challenge to the continuation of the princely state of Hyderabad, British direct rule over parts of Telangana, and feudal landholding systems. These challenges were overcome, but they left a lasting legacy on Indian society.