The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
The British East India Company began trading in India in the early 17th century. By the 18th century, the company had become a major power in India, and in 1857, the British government took direct control of the country.
The British Raj, as the period of British rule in India is known, had a profound impact on Indian society and economy. The British introduced new laws, customs, and institutions, which often clashed with traditional Indian values. They also built railroads, canals, and other infrastructure projects, which disrupted traditional patterns of life.
These changes created unrest among many groups in Indian society. Landowners and peasants were often displaced by British-owned plantations and factories. Artisans and traders were hurt by British competition. Religious groups were divided by the British policy of divide and rule.
The unrest eventually led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. The rebellion was unsuccessful, but it marked a turning point in British rule in India. The British government began to make reforms in an effort to appease Indian nationalists. However, these reforms were not enough, and India gained independence in 1947.
Here is a brief explanation of each option:
- Landowners and peasants: The British introduced a new system of land tenure, which often led to the displacement of traditional landowners. Peasants were also hurt by British policies that favored large landowners.
- Artisans and traders: The British introduced new technologies and products, which often led to the decline of traditional Indian handicrafts and industries. British competition also hurt Indian traders.
- Religious groups: The British policy of divide and rule often pitted different religious groups against each other. This policy was used to maintain British control, but it also led to resentment and conflict among Indian people.