The correct answer is: b) Mutually beneficial at times.
A feudatory state is a political entity that is subordinate to a larger state. The relationship between a feudatory state and its overlord is often characterized by a degree of mutual benefit. The feudatory state provides the overlord with military and economic support, while the overlord provides the feudatory state with protection and legitimacy. However, the relationship can also be fraught with conflict, as the feudatory state may seek to assert its independence from the overlord.
Option a) is incorrect because it suggests that the relationship between feudatory states and their overlords is always one-sided, with the feudatory state being completely subservient to the overlord. This is not always the case, as the feudatory state may be able to negotiate a degree of autonomy from the overlord.
Option c) is incorrect because it suggests that the relationship between feudatory states and their overlords is always conflict-ridden. This is not always the case, as the relationship can be mutually beneficial at times.
Option d) is incorrect because it suggests that the relationship between feudatory states and their overlords is based on strict equality. This is not the case, as the overlord is always in a position of power over the feudatory state.