Pre-independence movements in Sikkim often centered around:

The correct answer is: d) All of the above

Pre-independence movements in Sikkim often centered around demanding full independence from Britain, challenging the Chogyal’s authority, and seeking social and economic reforms.

• Demanding full independence from Britain: Sikkim was a British protectorate from 1861 to 1975. During this time, the British government had a great deal of control over Sikkim’s affairs. This led to resentment among many Sikkimese people, who felt that they were being ruled by a foreign power. As a result, there were a number of movements that called for Sikkim’s independence from Britain.
• Challenging the Chogyal’s authority: The Chogyal was the hereditary ruler of Sikkim. He had absolute power over the country, and his decisions were not subject to any checks or balances. This led to a great deal of dissatisfaction among the Sikkimese people, who felt that the Chogyal was not accountable to them. As a result, there were a number of movements that called for the Chogyal to be removed from power.
• Seeking social and economic reforms: Sikkim was a very poor country in the early 20th century. The majority of the population lived in poverty, and there were very few opportunities for education or employment. This led to a great deal of discontent among the Sikkimese people, who felt that the government was not doing enough to improve their lives. As a result, there were a number of movements that called for social and economic reforms.

These movements were often led by young, educated Sikkimese people who were inspired by the ideas of democracy and self-determination. They were also influenced by the Indian independence movement, which was gaining momentum at the time. The movements were met with varying degrees of success. Some of them were successful in achieving their goals, while others were not. However, they all played an important role in shaping the history of Sikkim.