The correct answer is: B) Decentralized approach
A decentralized approach to planning is one in which decision-making power is devolved to lower levels of government or to local communities. This approach is often seen as a way to improve efficiency and effectiveness, as it allows decision-makers to be more responsive to the needs of their constituents.
In Kerala, the planning process is decentralized through the use of local planning bodies known as grama panchayats. These bodies are responsible for developing and implementing plans for their respective areas, and they have a significant degree of autonomy in doing so. This approach has been credited with helping to improve the quality of life in Kerala, as it has allowed local communities to have a greater say in the decisions that affect them.
The other options are incorrect for the following reasons:
- A top-down approach to planning is one in which decision-making power is concentrated at the national or state level. This approach is often seen as less efficient and effective than a decentralized approach, as it can be difficult for decision-makers at the national or state level to be aware of the needs of local communities.
- A market-driven approach to planning is one in which the private sector is given a leading role in the planning process. This approach is often seen as a way to promote economic growth, but it can also lead to inequality and environmental degradation.
- An ad-hoc approach to planning is one in which there is no clear plan or strategy. This approach is often seen as chaotic and inefficient, and it can lead to poor outcomes.