The correct answer is: d) All of the above
Afforestation and reforestation are the processes of planting trees in an area where there were no trees previously. These efforts can help to reduce soil erosion, stabilize slopes prone to landslides, and mitigate flood risk.
Soil erosion is the process of soil being moved from one place to another by wind or water. Trees help to prevent soil erosion by anchoring the soil with their roots and by providing a barrier against wind and water.
Slopes prone to landslides are areas where the soil is unstable and may slide down the slope. Trees help to stabilize slopes by anchoring the soil with their roots and by providing a barrier against water.
Floods are caused by excessive rainfall or snowmelt that causes water to flow over land. Trees help to mitigate flood risk by absorbing water and slowing down the flow of water.
In addition to these benefits, afforestation and reforestation can also help to improve air quality, provide habitat for wildlife, and store carbon.