The correct answer is: d) All of the above
The introduction of formal education by missionaries in Nagaland led to the rise of a Naga intelligentsia, the preservation of indigenous languages, and social tensions.
The rise of a Naga intelligentsia was a direct result of the introduction of formal education. Missionaries established schools in Nagaland, and these schools taught Nagas about Western culture and values. This led to the development of a new class of Nagas who were educated in Western ways and who were able to take on leadership roles in Naga society.
The preservation of indigenous languages was also a result of the introduction of formal education. Missionaries were interested in learning about Naga culture and languages, and they often used these languages in their schools. This helped to preserve Naga languages and cultures from being lost.
However, the introduction of formal education also led to social tensions. Some Nagas felt that the missionaries were trying to change their culture and way of life. This led to conflict between the missionaries and the Nagas.
Overall, the introduction of formal education by missionaries in Nagaland had a complex impact on Naga society. It led to the rise of a Naga intelligentsia, the preservation of indigenous languages, and social tensions.