The correct answer is: a) Powerful landlords with revenue collection rights.
The Permanent Settlement was a land revenue system introduced in Bengal in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis. Under this system, the zamindars, who were the traditional landlords in Bengal, were given the right to collect revenue from the peasants in exchange for a fixed annual payment to the British government. This system gave the zamindars a great deal of power and wealth, and they became a powerful landed aristocracy.
The other options are incorrect. Option b) is incorrect because the zamindars were not administrative officials under British supervision. They were independent landowners who were responsible for collecting revenue from the peasants. Option c) is incorrect because the zamindars were not philanthropists focused on social welfare. They were primarily interested in collecting revenue and increasing their own wealth. Option d) is incorrect because the zamindars were not military leaders. They were landowners who were responsible for collecting revenue from the peasants.