The correct answer is: d) All of the above
Punjab is a state in northwestern India. It is one of the most prosperous states in India, with a strong agricultural economy. However, the state is facing a number of challenges, including market fluctuations, post-harvest losses, and water scarcity.
Market fluctuations are a major challenge for horticulture in Punjab. The prices of fruits and vegetables are often volatile, which can make it difficult for farmers to make a profit. This is especially true for small farmers, who may not have the resources to store their produce or wait for prices to improve.
Post-harvest losses are another major challenge for horticulture in Punjab. A significant amount of fruits and vegetables are lost after they are harvested. This is due to a number of factors, including poor storage facilities, inadequate transportation, and pests and diseases.
Water scarcity is a major challenge for agriculture in general, and horticulture in particular. Punjab is a water-stressed state, and the demand for water is increasing due to population growth and urbanization. This is putting a strain on the state’s water resources, and it is making it difficult to meet the needs of agriculture.
The challenges facing horticulture in Punjab are complex and interrelated. There is no easy solution to these challenges, but it is important to address them in order to ensure the sustainability of the state’s agricultural economy.
Here are some additional details about each of the challenges facing horticulture in Punjab:
- Market fluctuations: The prices of fruits and vegetables are often volatile, which can make it difficult for farmers to make a profit. This is especially true for small farmers, who may not have the resources to store their produce or wait for prices to improve. The prices of fruits and vegetables are affected by a number of factors, including supply and demand, weather conditions, and the cost of inputs. When the supply of fruits and vegetables is high, the prices tend to be low. However, when the supply is low, the prices tend to be high. This can make it difficult for farmers to plan their production and make a profit.
- Post-harvest losses: A significant amount of fruits and vegetables are lost after they are harvested. This is due to a number of factors, including poor storage facilities, inadequate transportation, and pests and diseases. Post-harvest losses can be reduced by using appropriate storage and transportation methods, and by controlling pests and diseases.
- Water scarcity: Punjab is a water-stressed state, and the demand for water is increasing due to population growth and urbanization. This is putting a strain on the state’s water resources, and it is making it difficult to meet the needs of agriculture. Water scarcity can be addressed by using water more efficiently, and by developing new sources of water.