The correct answer is: All of the above.
Mining activities in Odisha have been associated with a number of challenges, including deforestation, water pollution, and displacement of communities.
Deforestation is a major problem associated with mining activities. In order to access mineral deposits, forests are often cleared, which can lead to the loss of biodiversity and habitat for many species. Deforestation can also contribute to climate change by releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Water pollution is another major problem associated with mining activities. Mining operations can contaminate water supplies with heavy metals and other pollutants. This can make water unsafe for drinking, bathing, and irrigation. Water pollution can also have a negative impact on aquatic life.
Displacement of communities is another challenge associated with mining activities. When mining operations are established, they often require the relocation of people who live in the area. This can be a difficult and disruptive process, and it can have a negative impact on the livelihoods of those who are displaced.
In conclusion, mining activities in Odisha have been associated with a number of challenges, including deforestation, water pollution, and displacement of communities. These challenges can have a significant impact on the environment and the people who live in the area.