The correct answer is D. All of the above.
The zamindari system was a land revenue system in India that was introduced by the British East India Company in the 18th century. Under this system, the zamindars, or landlords, were responsible for collecting revenue from the peasants and then paying a fixed amount to the British government. This system led to the exploitation of peasants, as the zamindars often charged them excessive rates of rent. It also led to the concentration of land ownership, as the zamindars often acquired more land by taking it from the peasants who could not afford to pay their rents. Finally, it led to rural indebtedness, as the peasants often had to borrow money from the zamindars or other moneylenders in order to pay their rents.
The zamindari system was abolished in 1950, after India gained independence. However, its legacy continues to be felt in India today, as many of the problems that it created, such as rural poverty and inequality, remain unresolved.
Here is a brief explanation of each option:
- Option A: Exploitation of peasants. Under the zamindari system, the zamindars were responsible for collecting revenue from the peasants and then paying a fixed amount to the British government. This system led to the exploitation of peasants, as the zamindars often charged them excessive rates of rent.
- Option B: Concentration of land ownership. Under the zamindari system, the zamindars often acquired more land by taking it from the peasants who could not afford to pay their rents. This led to the concentration of land ownership, as the zamindars often owned large tracts of land while the peasants owned very little or no land.
- Option C: Rural indebtedness. Under the zamindari system, the peasants often had to borrow money from the zamindars or other moneylenders in order to pay their rents. This led to rural indebtedness, as the peasants often found themselves in debt and unable to repay their loans.