The Simon Commission was established in 1927 to investigate the working of the Government of India Act, 1919 and to suggest further reforms in the system of administration. The commission was composed of seven British members, none of whom were Indian. This led to widespread protests in India, as Indians felt that they had been excluded from the process of deciding their own future. The commission’s report was published in 1930, and it recommended a number of reforms, including the expansion of the Indian Legislative Assembly and the introduction of greater self-government for the provinces. However, the report was rejected by the Indian National Congress, which demanded complete independence for India. The Simon Commission was a major turning point in the history of the Indian independence movement, as it led to a breakdown in relations between the British government and the Indian people.
The Morley-Minto reforms were a series of reforms introduced by the British government in 1909. The reforms increased the number of Indian representatives in the Indian Legislative Council and introduced a system of separate electorates for Muslims. The reforms were seen as a step towards greater self-government for India, but they were also criticized for creating a divide between Hindus and Muslims.
India became a republic state in 1950, after the adoption of the Constitution of India. The Constitution declared India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic. The head of state is the President, who is elected by an electoral college consisting of members of both houses of Parliament and the legislative assemblies of the states. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President. The Parliament of India is bicameral, consisting of the Lok Sabha (the lower house) and the Rajya Sabha (the upper house).