The correct answer is: A. Linear scattering losses.
Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering are the types of linear scattering losses. Linear scattering losses are caused by the interaction of light with particles that are much smaller than the wavelength of light. These particles can be molecules, atoms, or even dust particles. When light interacts with these particles, it is scattered in all directions. This scattering can cause a loss of light power, which can be significant in long-distance optical fibers.
Fiber bends losses are caused by the bending of an optical fiber. When an optical fiber is bent, the light inside the fiber is refracted, or bent, as well. This refraction can cause a loss of light power, which can be significant in long-distance optical fibers.
Splicing losses are caused by the joining of two optical fibers. When two optical fibers are joined, there is always a small amount of loss of light power. This loss is caused by the mismatch of the refractive indices of the two fibers and the presence of air gaps at the junction.
Non-linear scattering losses are caused by the interaction of light with the nonlinear properties of the optical fiber material. These nonlinear properties can cause the light to be amplified or attenuated, depending on the specific properties of the material and the intensity of the light.