Approaches used to allocate joint costs include

sales value at split off method
net realizable value method
constant gross margin percentage NRV method
all of above

The correct answer is D. All of the above.

The sales value at split-off method allocates joint costs to the products based on the sales value of each product at the split-off point. The net realizable value method allocates joint costs to the products based on the net realizable value of each product at the split-off point. The constant gross margin percentage NRV method allocates joint costs to the products based on a constant gross margin percentage for each product.

The sales value at split-off method is the most common method used to allocate joint costs. It is simple to use and provides a reasonable measure of the value of each product. However, it can be inaccurate if the products have different costs to sell after the split-off point.

The net realizable value method is more accurate than the sales value at split-off method because it takes into account the costs to sell the products after the split-off point. However, it can be difficult to estimate the net realizable value of each product.

The constant gross margin percentage NRV method is a compromise between the sales value at split-off method and the net realizable value method. It is simple to use and provides a reasonable measure of the value of each product, even if the products have different costs to sell after the split-off point.

The choice of method depends on the specific circumstances of the joint production process.