The correct answer is: E. All of the above are true.
Immediate processing is a type of data processing in which transactions are processed shortly after a real-world event occurs. It is often used in real-time applications, such as airline-reservation systems, where it is important to update records as soon as possible after a change occurs. Immediate processing can occur with either sequential or direct-access files.
Sequential files are organized in a linear fashion, so transactions are processed one after the other. This can be slow for large files, but it is relatively simple to implement. Direct-access files are organized in a way that allows transactions to be processed in any order. This is faster than sequential processing, but it is more complex to implement.
Immediate processing is a valuable tool for businesses that need to keep their data up-to-date. It can help to improve efficiency and accuracy, and it can also provide a competitive advantage.
Here is a more detailed explanation of each option:
- A. It is often used in real-time applications. Immediate processing is often used in real-time applications, such as airline-reservation systems, where it is important to update records as soon as possible after a change occurs.
- B. It can occur with either sequential of direct-access files. Immediate processing can occur with either sequential or direct-access files. Sequential files are organized in a linear fashion, so transactions are processed one after the other. This can be slow for large files, but it is relatively simple to implement. Direct-access files are organized in a way that allows transactions to be processed in any order. This is faster than sequential processing, but it is more complex to implement.
- C. It can be used in an airline-reservation system. Immediate processing can be used in an airline-reservation system. In fact, it is often used in such systems. For example, when a customer books a flight, the airline’s reservation system immediately updates the passenger’s record and the flight’s schedule. This ensures that the customer’s reservation is accurate and that the flight is properly staffed.
- D. Transactions are processed shortly after a real-world event occurs. This is the definition of immediate processing. In immediate processing, transactions are processed shortly after a real-world event occurs. This is in contrast to batch processing, in which transactions are processed in batches at regular intervals.
Therefore, the correct answer is: E. All of the above are true.