The correct answer is: B. Fact finding (historical) studies.
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a prediction that can be tested by research. In fact-finding (historical) studies, the goal is to describe what happened in the past, not to test a hypothesis. Therefore, there is no need to formulate a hypothesis in these types of studies.
In survey studies, the goal is to collect data from a sample of people in order to make inferences about a larger population. Hypotheses are often used in survey studies to guide the data collection process and to help interpret the results. However, it is not always necessary to have a hypothesis in order to conduct a survey study. For example, a survey study might be conducted simply to describe the characteristics of a population, without any attempt to test a hypothesis.
In experimental studies, the goal is to test the effect of one variable (the independent variable) on another variable (the dependent variable). Hypotheses are always used in experimental studies to specify the expected relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
In normative studies, the goal is to identify what should be done, rather than what is actually done. Hypotheses are not typically used in normative studies, as the goal is not to test a prediction but to make a recommendation.