The correct answer is (d). The system of judicial review exists in India and the United States.
Judicial review is the power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional. This power is not explicitly granted in the Constitution of India, but it has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to be an inherent part of the judicial power. The Supreme Court of the United States has also held that it has the power of judicial review.
The system of judicial review is important because it ensures that the government does not violate the Constitution. If a law is found to be unconstitutional, it is struck down and cannot be enforced. This helps to protect the rights of individuals and to ensure that the government is accountable to the people.
The system of judicial review is not without its critics. Some people argue that it gives too much power to the courts and that it allows judges to make laws rather than simply interpret them. Others argue that it is undemocratic because it allows unelected judges to strike down laws that have been passed by elected representatives.
Despite these criticisms, the system of judicial review remains an important part of the constitutional system in India and the United States. It helps to protect the rights of individuals and to ensure that the government is accountable to the people.
Here is a brief explanation of each option:
(a) India only: The system of judicial review does exist in India. The Supreme Court of India has the power to declare laws unconstitutional.
(b) U.K. only: The system of judicial review does not exist in the United Kingdom. The courts in the United Kingdom do not have the power to declare laws unconstitutional.
(c) U.S.A. only: The system of judicial review does exist in the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States has the power to declare laws unconstitutional.
(d) India and U.S.A.: The system of judicial review exists in both India and the United States.