The correct answer is A. Nudation -> Invasion -> competition and co action -> reaction > stabilization.
Nudation is the process by which an area is made available for colonization by plants. This can happen through a variety of means, such as fire, flooding, or human disturbance.
Invasion is the process by which plants colonize a newly available area. The first plants to invade an area are often pioneer species, which are adapted to colonizing disturbed or nutrient-poor soils.
Competition and coaction are the processes by which plants interact with each other and with the environment. Competition can be for resources such as light, water, and nutrients. Coaction can be positive, such as when plants provide each other with shade or nutrients, or negative, such as when plants all compete for the same resources.
Reaction is the process by which the environment changes in response to the presence of plants. This can include changes in soil chemistry, water availability, and microclimate.
Stabilization is the final stage of succession, when the community reaches a relatively stable equilibrium. This equilibrium is often characterized by a diverse community of plants that are well-adapted to the local environment.
Here is a more detailed explanation of each option:
- Option A: Nudation -> Invasion -> competition and co action -> reaction > stabilization. This is the correct order of basic processes involved in succession.
- Option B: Nudation -> stabilization -> competition and co action -> Invasion > reaction. This option is incorrect because it places stabilization before invasion. Stabilization is the final stage of succession, and it cannot occur before invasion.
- Option C: Invasion -> Nudation -> competition and co action -> Reaction > stabilization. This option is incorrect because it places invasion before nudation. Invasion cannot occur without an area to invade, and nudation is the process by which an area is made available for colonization by plants.
- Option D: Invasion -> stabilization -> competition and co action -> Reaction > nudation. This option is incorrect because it places stabilization before nudation. Stabilization is the final stage of succession, and it cannot occur before nudation.