The correct answer is A. Tie-in-arrangement.
A tie-in arrangement is an agreement between a supplier and a buyer that requires the buyer to purchase one product or service in order to purchase another. This type of arrangement can be anti-competitive if it prevents buyers from choosing the products or services that they want to purchase.
An exclusive supply agreement is an agreement between a supplier and a buyer that requires the buyer to purchase all of its requirements of a particular product or service from the supplier. This type of agreement can be anti-competitive if it prevents other suppliers from competing for the buyer’s business.
An exclusive distribution agreement is an agreement between a supplier and a distributor that grants the distributor the exclusive right to sell the supplier’s products in a particular territory. This type of agreement can be anti-competitive if it prevents other distributors from competing for the right to sell the supplier’s products.
A refusal to
deal is a situation in which a supplier refuses to sell its products or services to a particular buyer. This type of conduct can be anti-competitive if it is done for the purpose of preventing the buyer from competing with the supplier.