The correct answer is $\boxed{\text{C}}$.
An eigenvector of a matrix $A$ corresponding to the eigenvalue $\lambda$ is a nonzero vector $v$ such that $Av=\lambda v$. In other words, an eigenvector is a vector that is scaled by a constant when it is multiplied by the matrix.
We are given that the matrix $M$ has eigenvalues $-3$, $-3$, and $5$. We are also given that an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue $5$ is $[1 2 -1]^T$. This means that $M[1 2 -1]^T=5[1 2 -1]^T$. We can rewrite this equation as $M-5I[1 2 -1]^T=0$.
To find the other eigenvectors of $M$, we can use the following formula:
$$v_2=\frac{1}{\|M-5I\|}\left(M-5I\right)v_1$$
where $v_1$ is an eigenvector of $M$ corresponding to the eigenvalue $5$ and $\|M-5I\|$ is the determinant of the matrix $M-5I$.
In this case, $\|M-5I\|=-2$. Therefore, the other eigenvector of $M$ is:
$$v_2=\frac{1}{-2}\left(M-5I\right)[1 2 -1]^T=\left[{\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&{\sqrt[3]{2}}&{ – 1} \end{array}} \right]^T$$
Therefore, one of the eigenvectors of the matrix $M^3$ is $\boxed{\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&{\sqrt[3]{2}}&{ – 1} \end{array}} \right]^T}$.