Sensorless problems: If the agent has no sensors at all, then (as far as it knows) it could be in one of several possible initial states, and each action might therefore lead to one of several possible successor states
Contingency problems: If the environment is partially observable or if actions are uncertain, then the agent's percepts provide new information after each action. Each possible percept defines a contingency that must be planned for. A problem is called adversarial if the uncertainty is caused by the actions of another agent
Exploration problems: When the states and actions of the environment are unknown, the agent must act to discover them. Exploration problems can be viewed as an extreme case of contingency problems
All of the mentioned
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The correct answer is D. All of the mentioned.
In a partially observable environment, the agent cannot see the entire state of the environment at any given time. This can be due to a number of factors, such as limited sensors, occlusion, or uncertainty. As a result, the agent must rely on its sensors to gather information about the environment and use that information to make decisions about what actions to take.
This can lead to a number of problems, including:
- Sensorless problems: If the agent has no sensors at all, then (as far as it knows) it could be in one of several possible initial states, and each action might therefore lead to one of several possible successor states. This can make it very difficult for the agent to plan effectively.
- Contingency problems: If the environment is partially observable or if actions are uncertain, then the agent’s percepts provide new information after each action. Each possible percept defines a contingency that must be planned for. A problem is called adversarial if the uncertainty is caused by the actions of another agent. This can make it very difficult for the agent to predict the future state of the environment and make optimal decisions.
- Exploration problems: When the states and actions of the environment are unknown, the agent must act to discover them. Exploration problems can be viewed as an extreme case of contingency problems. This can be very difficult, as the agent must balance the need to explore the environment with the need to avoid taking actions that could lead to it being trapped in a bad state.
These are just some of the problems that can occur in a partially observable environment. There are many other challenges that agents face in such environments, and research in this area is ongoing.