The correct answer is: A. Dartmouth University
Dartmouth University was not among the early leaders in AI research. The early leaders in AI research were:
- John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell, and Herbert Simon at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
- John McCarthy at Stanford University.
- Arthur Samuel at IBM.
In 1956, John McCarthy organized the Dartmouth Workshop, which is considered to be the birth of AI research. The workshop brought together some of the most brilliant minds in computer science, including McCarthy, Minsky, Newell, Simon, and Samuel. The workshop was a major turning point in the development of AI, and it led to the creation of the first AI programs.
In the early days of AI research, MIT was the leading center of research. McCarthy, Minsky, Newell, and Simon were all faculty members at MIT, and they were responsible for some of the most important early work in AI. For example, McCarthy developed the Lisp programming language, which is still used today in AI research. Minsky developed the concept of a neural network, which is now one of the most important techniques in AI. Newell and Simon developed the General Problem Solver, which was one of the first AI programs to be able to solve problems that were previously thought to be impossible for computers to solve.
Stanford University also played a major role in the early days of AI research. John McCarthy was a faculty member at Stanford, and he was responsible for recruiting some of the brightest minds in AI, including Marvin Minsky and Allen Newell. Stanford was also home to the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL), which was one of the first AI laboratories in the world. SAIL was a major center of AI research, and it produced some of the most important early work in AI, including the development of the A* search algorithm and the STRIPS planning system.
IBM was also a major player in the early days of AI research. Arthur Samuel was a researcher at IBM, and he is considered to be one of the pioneers of AI. Samuel developed the first AI program that could learn from experience, and he also developed the first AI program that could play checkers at a human level.
In conclusion, the early leaders in AI research were MIT, Stanford University, and IBM. Dartmouth University was not among the early leaders in AI research.