The correct answer is (c). Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq declared himself Khalifa in 1324.
A Khalifa is the leader of the Islamic world. The title is derived from the Arabic word Khalifah, which means “successor”. The Khalifa is considered to be the successor to the Prophet Muhammad and the leader of all Muslims.
Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq was the third Sultan of the Tughlaq dynasty. He was a powerful and ambitious ruler who sought to expand his empire. He was also a religious man who was interested in Islamic law.
In 1324, Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq declared himself Khalifa. This was a controversial move, as it was seen as a challenge to the authority of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad. However, Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq’s declaration was accepted by many Muslims, and he became the first Sultan of Delhi to be recognized as Khalifa.
Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq’s reign was marked by both successes and failures. He was a brilliant military strategist who conquered new territories. However, he was also a harsh ruler who imposed unpopular taxes and policies. In the end, his reign was brought to an end by a rebellion in 1351.
Despite his failures, Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq remains a significant figure in Indian history. He was a powerful and ambitious ruler who left a lasting legacy on the subcontinent.
The other options are incorrect.
(a) Alauddin Khilji was the second Sultan of the Khilji dynasty. He was a powerful and ruthless ruler who expanded the Delhi Sultanate to its greatest extent. However, he did not declare himself Khalifa.
(b) Qutubuddin Mubarak Khilji was the third Sultan of the Khilji dynasty. He was a weak and unpopular ruler who was overthrown by Alauddin Khilji. He did not declare himself Khalifa.
(d) Feroze Shah Tughlaq was the fifth Sultan of the Tughlaq dynasty. He was a just and efficient ruler who restored the Delhi Sultanate to its former glory. However, he did not declare himself Khalifa.