The correct answer is D. 1, 2, 3 and 4.
The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 provides for reservation of seats for women in Panchayats at all levels, i.e., Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti and Zila Parishad. The Act also provides for reservation of seats for women in the office of Chairpersons of Gram Panchayats and Panchayat Samitis.
The Act has been implemented in all states and union territories. The following states have also enacted their own laws providing for 50% reservation for women in Panchayati Raj institutions:
- Bihar
- Uttarakhand
- Madhya Pradesh
- Himachal Pradesh
The implementation of the Act has led to a significant increase in the number of women elected to Panchayati Raj institutions. This has had a positive impact on the lives of women in rural areas. Women have been able to participate in decision-making at the local level and have been able to bring about positive changes in their communities.