Lucknow Pact (1916)- For RAS RTS Mains Exam and Ras Rts Prelims Examination

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  • Nationalists saw that their disunity was affecting their cause
  • Two important developments at the Lucknow Session of Congress
    • The two wings of the Congress were again united
    • The Congress and the Muslim League sank their old differences and put up common political demands before the government.
  • INC and ML passed the same resolutions at their sessions, put forward a joint scheme of political reforms based on separate electorates, and demanded that the British Government should make a declaration that it would confer self-government on India at an early date.
  • The pact accepted the principle of separate electorates
  • Main clauses of the pact
    • There shall be self-government in India.
    • Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central government.
    • There should be separate electorates for all the communities until a community demanded joint electorates.
    • A system of weightage should be adopted.
    • The number of the members of Central Legislative Council should be increased to 150.
    • At the provincial level, four-fifth of the members of the Legislative Councils should be elected and one-fifth should be nominated.
    • The size of provincial legislatures should not be less than 125 in the major provinces and from 50 to 75 in the minor provinces.
    • All members, except those nominated, should be elected directly on the basis of Adult Franchise.
    • No bill concerning a community should be passed if the bill is opposed by three-fourth of the members of that community in the Legislative Council.
    • The term of the Legislative Council should be five years.
    • Members of Legislative Council should themselves elect their president.
    • Half of the members of Imperial Legislative Council should be Indians.
    • The Indian Council must be abolished.
    • The salaries of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs should be paid by the British government and not from Indian funds.
    • Of the two Under Secretaries, one should be Indian.
    • The Executive should be separated from the Judiciary.
    • Evaluation
      • As an immediate effect, the unity between the two factions of the congress and between INC and ML aroused great political enthusiasm in the country
      • However, it did not involve Hindu and Muslim masses  and was based on the notion of bringing together the educated Hindus and Muslims as separate political entities without secularization of their political outlook
      • The pact therefore left the way open to the future resurgence of Communalism in Indian politics.

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    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865, fought between northern states loyal to the Union and Southern states that had seceded to form the Confederate States of America. The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people. War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina just over a month after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the president of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North, which also included some geographically western and southern states, proclaimed support for the Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South, who advocated for states’ rights to uphold slavery.

    Out of the 34 U.S. states, in February 1861, seven Southern slave states were declared, by partisans, to have seceded from the country, and the new Confederate States of America was proclaimed in Montgomery, Alabama. Both sides raised armies as the Union assumed control of the border and Southern regions, and hostilities began. The Confederacy grew to control at least a majority of territory in those eleven states (out of the 34 U.S. states in the beginning of the war) that had declared secession, as well as claiming the additional territories of Arizona and New Mexico, and parts of Tennessee and what was then the Indian Territory. The government of the United States was supported by the 23 remaining states and some southern unionists. These loyal states included California, Oregon, and after 1864, Nevada, all of which had joined the Union during the war.

    The war effectively ended on April 9, 1865, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House. Confederate generals throughout the Confederate army followed suit. The conclusion of the American Civil War lacks a clean end date: land forces continued surrendering until June 23.

    By the end of the war, much of the South’s Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE was destroyed, especially its railroads. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished leaving four million black slaves free, and the process of restoring the Union was underway during the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877). The war had a significant impact on the identity of the United States by leading to freedom for African Americans in the Reconstruction Era, and by helping to create a more unified national identity.

    Today, the American Civil War is a significant historical topic in the United States and remains the subject of cultural and historiographical debate. Of particular interest is the persisting myth of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. The American Civil War was among the earliest industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The mobilization of civilian factories, mines, shipyards, banks, transportation, and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I, World War II, and subsequent conflicts. It remains the deadliest war in American history. From 1861 to 1865, it has been traditionally estimated that about 620,000 people died, but recent scholarship argues that 750,000 soldiers died, along with an undetermined number of civilians.

    The Lucknow Pact was a political agreement between the Indian National Congress (INC) and the All-India Muslim League (AIML) that was signed in Lucknow on December 29, 1916. The pact was a major step forward in the development of Indian nationalism, and it helped to unite the INC and the AIML in their common goal of independence from British rule.

    The pact was signed by INC President Annie Besant and AIML President Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The main provisions of the pact were as follows:

    • The INC and the AIML would cooperate in all matters relating to the political advancement of India.
    • The INC would support the AIML’s demand for separate electorates for Muslims.
    • The AIML would support the INC’s demand for swaraj (self-rule).

    The Lucknow Pact was a significant achievement for the Indian nationalist movement. It showed that the INC and the AIML were willing to work together to achieve their common goal of independence. The pact also helped to raise the profile of the Indian nationalist movement both within India and abroad.

    However, the Lucknow Pact was not without its critics. Some people argued that the pact gave too much power to the Muslims, and that it would lead to the division of India. Others argued that the pact was not radical enough, and that it did not go far enough in demanding independence from British rule.

    Despite its critics, the Lucknow Pact was a major step forward in the development of Indian nationalism. It helped to unite the INC and the AIML in their common goal of independence, and it raised the profile of the Indian nationalist movement both within India and abroad.

    Here are some frequently asked questions about the Lucknow Pact:

    1. What was the Lucknow Pact?
      The Lucknow Pact was a political agreement between the Indian National Congress (INC) and the All-India Muslim League (AIML) that was signed in Lucknow on December 29, 1916.

    2. Who signed the Lucknow Pact?
      The Lucknow Pact was signed by INC President Annie Besant and AIML President Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

    3. What were the main provisions of the Lucknow Pact?
      The main provisions of the Lucknow Pact were as follows:

    4. The INC and the AIML would cooperate in all matters relating to the political advancement of India.

    5. The INC would support the AIML’s demand for separate electorates for Muslims.

    6. The AIML would support the INC’s demand for swaraj (self-rule).

    7. What was the significance of the Lucknow Pact?
      The Lucknow Pact was a significant achievement for the Indian nationalist movement. It showed that the INC and the AIML were willing to work together to achieve their common goal of independence. The pact also helped to raise the profile of the Indian nationalist movement both within India and abroad.

    8. What were the criticisms of the Lucknow Pact?
      Some people argued that the pact gave too much power to the Muslims, and that it would lead to the division of India. Others argued that the pact was not radical enough, and that it did not go far enough in demanding independence from British rule.

    9. What was the impact of the Lucknow Pact?
      The Lucknow Pact had a significant impact on the development of Indian nationalism. It helped to unite the INC and the AIML in their common goal of independence, and it raised the profile of the Indian nationalist movement both within India and abroad.

    The Lucknow Pact was a political agreement between the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League, signed on 26 December 1916 at Lucknow, India. The pact was a major step forward in the development of Indian nationalism, and it helped to unite the two main Political Parties in India against British rule.

    The pact agreed on a number of important issues, including the demand for self-government for India, the need for communal harmony, and the need to reform the Indian Councils Act of 1909. The pact also agreed on a number of specific reforms, such as the increase of the number of elected members in the Indian Legislative Councils, the introduction of separate electorates for Muslims, and the appointment of a Muslim member to the Viceroy’s Executive Council.

    The Lucknow Pact was a significant achievement for Indian nationalism, and it helped to pave the way for the independence of India in 1947.

    Here are some MCQs on the Lucknow Pact:

    1. The Lucknow Pact was signed in which year?
      (a) 1915
      (b) 1916
      (c) 1917
      (d) 1918

    2. The Lucknow Pact was signed between which two parties?
      (a) The Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League
      (b) The Indian National Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha
      (c) The Indian National Congress and the British government
      (d) The All-India Muslim League and the British government

    3. The Lucknow Pact agreed on a number of important issues, including which of the following?
      (a) The demand for self-government for India
      (b) The need for communal harmony
      (c) The need to reform the Indian Councils Act of 1909
      (d) All of the above

    4. The Lucknow Pact was a significant achievement for Indian nationalism. True or False?

    5. The Lucknow Pact helped to pave the way for the independence of India in 1947. True or False?

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