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Jharkhand is home to a number of languages belonging to three major language families. Indo-Aryan languages include Angika, Bhojpuri, Khortha, Nagpuri, Sadri, Hindi, Urdu, Oriya and Bengali. Jharkhand is also home to the Munda languages, Kurmali, Korku, Santhali, Mundari, Bhumij, Kharia and Ho, and the Dravidian languages Korwa, Oraon(Kurukh) and Paharia (Malto). Santhali , Mundari , Kurukh, Khortha, Nagpuria, Sadri, Khariya, Panchparagnia, Ho, Malto, Karmali, Hindi, Urdu, Bangla etc are the most common languages. In whole of Santhal Parganas area Angika is the primary language for Communication.
Santhali
Santali is a language in the Santali subfamily of Austro-Asiatic, related to Ho and Mundari. The Literacy rate in Santali speaking regions is very low, just around 20-30%. It is basically spoken by the tribal people of India. The tribe that speaks this language is quite backward as far as the standard of living is concerned. Most of them work in the coal mines or the steel factories of Asansol and Jamshedpur. The tribe that speaks this language is known as Santhal. There is not a very regular distribution of people who speak the Santhali language. This language is actually a dialect of the Munda language.
Santhali script is called Ol Chiki. This script was invented by Pandit Raghunath Murmu in 1925. Raghunath Murmu is popularly known as Guru Gomke among the Santals, a title awarded to him by the Mayurbhanj Adibasi .”Darege Dhan”,”Sidhu-Kanhu”, “Bidu Chandan” and “Kherwal Bir” are among the most acclaimed of his works.
Ho
The Ho language is classified as a member of the Austro-Asiatic language family, The Ho language is mutually intelligible with Mundari. Presently, major chunks of the Population reside in Jharkhand
The Hos have affinity with the Mundas, Santals, Kharia, Asuri and Birhori
The Ho language has been introduced through Devanagari Script in Jharkhand, Oriya in Orissa and Bengali in West Bengal. In Jharkhand, Devanagari script is more realistic with certain modification. There are certain limitations in perceiving the exact pronunciation. However, Devanagari with minor modification can be used to record nearly exact pronunciation of a Ho word.
Shri Lako Bodra, a pioneer researcher amongst Ho linguists, established and regarded Barang Chiti as an ancient script of the Hos.
Many of the Ho words originated from nature itself. Nature gifted and influenced their language and the way of life. Their language developed in close association with nature and living together with birds and beasts.
The Ho is a sister tribe of the Munda tribal community. It is believed that Ho speakers were originally Mundas. In course of time, some fourteen to seventeen century A.D., they parted aside for unknown reason and migrated from Bandhgaon-Khunti region and settled down in Singhbhum.
Kharia
Kharia is one of the Austro-Asiatic languages chiefly spoken in Jharkhand, some parts of Orissa, Chattisgarh, West Bengal, Bihar, and Assam. The origin of Kharia language is based upon the nature. It is the combination of Root theory, imitative theory, interjectional theory and evolution theory which derives from the Sound of nature, animals, birds clashing of trees and after all the outcome of human feelings. The social behavior was also injected practically at their expression. Gradually, the sounds develop as speech and other grammatical forms, which show their intimate union with the nature. For them, nature became the mother of Kharia language and literature.
Kharia language is generally written in Devnagari and Bengali script.
Kudukh (Oraon)
Kurukh belongs to the Northern Dravidian Group of the Dravidian family of languages,and is closely related to Sauria Paharia and Kumarbhag Paharia, which are often together referred to as Malto.
Kurukh is written in the Devanagari script, a script used to write Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Nepali and other Indo-Aryan languages.
Narayan Oraon, a medical doctor, has invented the Tolong Siki script for Kurukh language. Many books and magazine have been published in Tolong Siki script.
The language is marked as being in a “vulnerable” state in UNESCO’s list of endangered languages.
The Kurukh Literary Society of India have been instrumental to spread the Tolong Siki script for Kurukh literature.
Mundari (Munda)
Mundari (Mu??a) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken by the Munda people, and is closely related to Santali and Ho. Mundari is primarily spoken by Munda tribal people in east India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. “Mundari Bani”, a script to write Mundari Language was invented by Rohidas Singh Nag
In the beginning Roman Script was used to write Mundari language and literature because of the Christian Missionaries who had begun to write the Mundari language in Roman lipi, after independence Devnagari Script is used for writing Mundari language.
Khortha
Khortha (Khotta) is a dialect of Maithili spoken in the Indian state of Jharkhand , mainly in 13 districts of two divisions: North Chotanagpur and Santhal Pargana .
Nagpuri (Sadri)
Sadri language is considered as a branch of Prakrit Language. It is even regarded as a sister language of Bengali, Maithili and Oriya.
This Sadri language inhabits under Indo European Language family. This family also contain some groups under it which are as follows:-
Indo Aryan
Indo Iranian
Bihari
Eastern
Sadri
Culture
This Sadri language is rich in literature. Several magazines and books are published in Sadri language in number of regions of India. The most well known Gharaiya Guith which is a monthly magazine Johar Sahiya was published is recently printed in Ranchi city
This Sadri language includes some alternate names which are as follows: -Sadana, Sadani, Sadrik, Sadna, Siddri, Santri, Sradri, Sadan, Sadhari, Nagpuri, Nagpuria, Dikku kaji, Chota Nagpuri, Ganwari, Gawari, Jharkhandi and Gauuari.
The dialects of Sadri language includes the following dialects such as: –
Nurpur Sadri,
Borail Sadri,
Mokkan Tila Sadri and
Uchai Sadri.
This Dravidian language which is also a group of Indo Aryan language is written in Bengali script and Latin script.
Panchpargania(kurmali)
Kurmali , or Kudmali, is one of many dialect variants of Hindi which is spoken in Jharkhand, Kurmali is generally linked to the Kudumi Mahato (also known as Kurmi, Mahanta or Mohanta) community of Jharkhand
The Jharkhand intellectuals claim that Kurmali may be the nearest form of language used in Charyapada. As a trade dialect, it is known as Panchpargania , for the “five districts” of the region it covers.
This language has excellent heritage of folktales & folklores as well as many of remarkable play-writes, stories, poems & novels contributed by renowned Panchpargania writers
Panchpargania is written with Bengali script by some people particularly in the border areas of Jharkhand & West Bengal. Most of the people use Devnagari (Nagari) script; However, it being written in Kaithi is also known.
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Jharkhand is a state in eastern India. It was formed on 15 November 2000, by carving out 18 districts from the southern part of Bihar. The state has a population of over 33 million people and is home to over 30 different tribal groups.
The literature of Jharkhand is rich and diverse. It includes works in a variety of languages, including Santhali, Mundari, Ho, Kharia, Oraon, and Bengali. The earliest literature of Jharkhand is oral literature, which is passed down from generation to generation through storytelling and song. This literature includes myths, legends, folktales, and songs.
Modern Literature in Jharkhand began to develop in the early 20th century. The first major literary movement in Jharkhand was the Parnashakhi movement, which began in the 1920s. This movement was led by poets such as Dukhiram Mahto, Suresh Chandra Mahto, and Laxmi Narayan Munda. The Parnashakhi poets wrote about the social and political conditions of the time, and their work helped to raise awareness of the problems faced by the tribal people of Jharkhand.
In the 1950s, a new literary movement began in Jharkhand, known as the Jharkhandi Renaissance. This movement was led by writers such as Phanishwar Nath Renu, Bimal Chandra Hansda, and Sunil Kumar Pathak. The Jharkhandi Renaissance writers wrote about the history and culture of the tribal people of Jharkhand, and their work helped to promote a sense of pride and identity among the tribal people.
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the literature of Jharkhand. This is due in part to the state’s rich literary heritage, and in part to the efforts of the Jharkhand Sahitya Akademi, a state-run organization that promotes literature in Jharkhand. The Jharkhand Sahitya Akademi has published a number of books on the literature of Jharkhand, and it organizes literary festivals and Awards.
The literature of Jharkhand is a valuable resource for understanding the history, culture, and people of the state. It is a rich and diverse body of work that is sure to continue to grow in the years to come.
Here are some of the most famous writers from Jharkhand:
- Dukhiram Mahto (1895-1959) was a Santhali poet and writer. He is considered to be the father of modern Santhali literature. His work is known for its social and political commentary.
- Suresh Chandra Mahto (1908-1989) was a Santhali poet and writer. He is best known for his collection of poems, “Adim Jatir Geet” (Songs of the Original People). His work is known for its lyrical beauty and its celebration of tribal culture.
- Laxmi Narayan Munda (1912-1990) was a Mundari poet and writer. He is best known for his collection of poems, “Jharkhand Ke Geet” (Songs of Jharkhand). His work is known for its powerful expression of the tribal people’s struggle for Justice.
- Phanishwar Nath Renu (1922-1977) was a Hindi writer. He is best known for his novel “Maila Anchal” (The Soiled Border). His work is known for its realistic portrayal of rural life in India.
- Bimal Chandra Hansda (1926-2005) was a Santali writer. He is best known for his novel “Halam” (The Axe). His work is known for its powerful expression of the tribal people’s struggle for survival.
- Sunil Kumar Pathak (1934-2015) was a Hindi writer. He is best known for his novel “Adha Gaon” (Half a Village). His work is known for its sensitive portrayal of the lives of the tribal people of Jharkhand.
These are just a few of the many talented writers who have come from Jharkhand. Their work is a valuable contribution to the literature of India.
What is Jharkhand literature?
Jharkhand literature is the body of literature written in the languages spoken in the Indian state of Jharkhand. It includes works of poetry, fiction, drama, and non-fiction.
Who are some of the most famous writers from Jharkhand?
Some of the most famous writers from Jharkhand include:
- Dayamani Barla, a poet and activist who writes in Santhali
- Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar, a novelist and short story writer who writes in Hindi
- Sunil Kumar Singh, a poet and critic who writes in Hindi
- Vijay Kumar Thakur, a novelist and short story writer who writes in Hindi
What are some of the most famous works of Jharkhand literature?
Some of the most famous works of Jharkhand literature include:
- Dayamani Barla’s “Dharti Aai” (Mother Earth), a collection of poems
- Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar’s “The Man Who Was a Woman”, a novel
- Sunil Kumar Singh’s “The Last Song of the Earth”, a collection of poems
- Vijay Kumar Thakur’s “The River of Stories”, a novel
What are some of the themes that are common in Jharkhand literature?
Some of the themes that are common in Jharkhand literature include:
- The struggle for land and Resources
- The impact of industrialization and development
- The relationship between humans and nature
- The role of Women in society
What are some of the challenges that Jharkhand literature faces?
Some of the challenges that Jharkhand literature faces include:
- The lack of a strong literary tradition in the state
- The dominance of Hindi and English as literary languages
- The lack of government support for literature
- The lack of a reading public in the state
What is the future of Jharkhand literature?
The future of Jharkhand literature is uncertain. However, there are a number of factors that could contribute to its Growth, including:
- The increasing popularity of Santhali literature
- The growing interest in indigenous cultures
- The increasing number of writers from Jharkhand
- The increasing availability of Jharkhand literature in translation
What are some of the ways to promote Jharkhand literature?
Some of the ways to promote Jharkhand literature include:
- Publishing more books in Jharkhand languages
- Translating Jharkhand literature into other languages
- Promoting Jharkhand literature at literary festivals
- Supporting Jharkhand writers
- Creating a reading public for Jharkhand literature
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Which of the following is not a language spoken in Jharkhand?
(A) Hindi
(B) Santali
(C) Bengali
(D) English -
The capital of Jharkhand is:
(A) Ranchi
(B) Jamshedpur
(C) Dhanbad
(D) Bokaro -
The first Chief Minister of Jharkhand was:
(A) Babulal Marandi
(B) Shibu Soren
(C) Arjun Munda
(D) Raghubar Das -
The highest mountain in Jharkhand is:
(A) Parasnath Hill
(B) Dalma Hill
(C) Netarhat Hill
(D) Hazaribagh Peak -
The state tree of Jharkhand is:
(A) Sal
(B) Teak
(C) Bamboo
(D) Mahua -
The state animal of Jharkhand is:
(A) Tiger
(B) Elephant
(C) Leopard
(D) Bison -
The state bird of Jharkhand is:
(A) Hornbill
(B) Peacock
(C) Kingfisher
(D) Red Junglefowl -
The state flower of Jharkhand is:
(A) Champa
(B) Gulmohar
(C) Keora
(D) Palash -
The state song of Jharkhand is:
(A) “Jharkhand Jiyaye”
(B) “Hum Jharkhandi Hain”
(C) “Jharkhand Ka Apna Geet”
(D) “Jharkhand Ka Naam” -
The state motto of Jharkhand is:
(A) “Satyameva Jayate”
(B) “Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat”
(C) “Jharkhand Ekta aur Vikas”
(D) “Jharkhand: God’s Own Country” -
The state flag of Jharkhand is:
(A) Green with a white band in the middle
(B) Blue with a white band in the middle
(C) Red with a white band in the middle
(D) Yellow with a white band in the middle -
The State Emblem of Jharkhand is:
(A) A tiger
(B) An elephant
(C) A leopard
(D) A bison -
The state seal of Jharkhand is:
(A) A circle with the state name and motto in the middle
(B) A square with the state name and motto in the middle
(C) A triangle with the state name and motto in the middle
(D) A hexagon with the state name and motto in the middle -
The state constitution of Jharkhand was adopted on:
(A) 15 November 2000
(B) 15 December 2000
(C) 15 January 2001
(D) 15 February 2001 -
The State Government of Jharkhand is headed by the:
(A) Chief Minister
(B) Governor
(C) Speaker
(D) Chief Justice -
The State Legislature of Jharkhand is bicameral, consisting of the:
(A) Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council
(B) Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly
(C) Legislative Assembly and the Rajya Sabha
(D) Legislative Council and the Lok Sabha -
The state judiciary of Jharkhand is headed by the:
(A) Chief Justice of Jharkhand
(B) Chief Justice of India
(C) Chief Justice of the High Court of Jharkhand
(D) Chief Justice of The Supreme Court of India -
The state economy of Jharkhand is based on:
(A) agriculture
(B) Mining
(C) Industry
(D) Tourism -
The state exports of Jharkhand include:
(A) Coal
(B) Iron Ore
(C) Bauxite
(D) All of the above -
The state imports of Jharkhand include:
(A) Petroleum products
(B) Machinery
(C) Consumer goods
(D) All of the above -
The state tourism of Jharkhand is popular for:
(A) Its natural beauty
(B) Its historical sites
(C) Its cultural heritage
(D) All of the above -
The state Sports of Jharkhand are:
(A) Football
(B) Cricket
(C) Hockey
(D) All of the above -
The state Education system of Jharkhand is based on:
(A) The 10+2+3 system
(B) The 10