Landforms

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Three Geological divisions:

The peninsular block
The Himalayas and other Peninsular Mountains
Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain

Peninsualar block is made of gneisses (metamorphic) and granites (igneous).

Six physiographic divisions:

The Northern and North-eastern Mountains
The Northern Plain
The Peninsular Plateau
The Indian Desert
The Coastal Plains
The Islands

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Northern and North-Eastern Mountains

Approximate length of the Great Himalayan range: 2500 KM. Width: 160-400 KM

Impact of Himalayas on the Climate-of-india/”>Climate of India?

It can be divided into five sub-divisions:

Kashmir (or Northwestern) Himalayas
Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas
Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas
Arunachal Himalayas
Eastern Hills and Mountains

Kashmir Himalayas

Ranges: Karakoram, Ladhakh, Zaskar, Pir Pinjal
Glaciers: Baltoro, Siachen
Passes: Zoji La (Great Himalayas), Banihal (Pir Pinjal), Photu La (Zaskar) and Khardung La (Ladakh)
Lakes: (freshwater) Dal and Wular; (saltwater) Pangong Tso and Tso Moriri
Pilgrimage: Vaishno Devi, Amarnath cave, Charar-e-Sharif
They are also famous for Karewa formations which are useful for the cultivation of Zafran (a local variety of Saffron). Karewas are the thick deposits of glacial clay and other materials embedded with moraines.
Kashmir is located on the banks of Jhelum river.
Meanders is a typical feature associated with the rivers in this region.
In South, there are longitudinal valleys called duns; Jammu dun and Pathankot dun

Himachal and Uttarakhand Himalayas

Lies between rivers Ravi and Kali
Drained by two major river systems: Indus and Ganga
Northernmost part is an extension of the Ladakh desert, lies in Spiti.
Ranges: Great Himalayan Range, Lesser Himalayas (Dhaoladhar in HP and Nagtibha in Uttarakhand), Shivalik range
Pilgrimage: Gangotri, Yamunotri, Kedarnath, Badrinath, Hemkund Sahib and the five famous prayags (Refer to Panch Prayag)
Famous for hill stations: Dharamshala, Mussoorie, Shimla, Kaosani; Cantt.: Kasauli, Almora, Lansdowne, Ranikhet
The important distinguishing features of this area are the ‘Shivalik’ and ‘Dun formations’.
Important duns: Chandigarh-Kalka, Nalagarh, Dehra, Harike, Kota
Dehradun is the largest of all duns: Length – 35-45 KM, Width: 22-25 KM
Inhabited with the Bhotia They migrate to higher reaches (Bugyals) in summer and return to the valleys during winters.

Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas

Between Nepal Himalayas and Bhutan Himalayas.
Fast flowing rivers such as Tista
Peaks: Kanchenjunga
Tribe: Lepcha
Has a mixed Population of Nepalis, Bengalis and tribals from Central India.
Importance: Due to the moderate slope, it is best suited for tea plantations. <India produces about 26 pc of tea in the world; second after China. Also, accounts for 12 pc of tea exports; fourth in the world.>
Duar formations are peculiar to this region.

Arunachal Himalayas

From Bhutan Himalayas to Diphu pass in the east.
Direction: Southwest to Northeast
Peaks: Kangtu and Namya Barwa
Rivers: Brahmaputra, Kameng, Subansiri, Dihang, Dibang and Lohit.
These rivers are perennial and have the highest hydro-electric power potential in the country.
Tribes: Monpa, Daffla, Abor, Mishmi, Nishi and Nagas
These communities practice shifting cultivation known as Jhumming.

Eastern Hills and Mountains

Direction: North to South
Ranges: Patkai Bum, Naga hills, Manipur hills, Mizo or Lushai hills
These are low hills
Tribes practice Jhum cultivation
Rivers: Barak. Most of the Nagaland rivers form a tributary of Brahmaputra. Rivers in eastern Manipur are the tributaries of Chindwin, which in turn is a tributary of the Irrawady of Myanmar.
Lake: Loktak
Loktak Lake: is an important lake in Manipur which is surrounded by mountains on all sides. It is the largest freshwater lake in northeastern India. Also called the only Floating Lake in the world due to floating masses of organic matter on it. It serves as a source for hydropower generation, Irrigation and drinking water supply.
Keibul Kamjao National Park located in the Bishnupur district of Manipur is the only floating park in the world and is an integral part of the Loktak Lake. Home to the endangered Manipur Eld’s Deer or Brow-antlered Deer or Sangai or Dancing Deer.
Mizoram is also known as the ‘Molassis basin’ which is made up of soft unconsolidated deposits.

The Northern Plains

Formed by the alluvial deposits of rivers – Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra.
Length: 3200 KM; Width: 150-300 KM

Three main zones:

Bhabar
Tarai
Alluvial Plains (Khadar and Bangar)

Bhabar

Narrow belt. 8-10 KM wide.
Paralllel to Shivalik at the break-up of the slope. Hence, streams and rivers deposit heavy rocks (and at times disappear) in this zone.

Tarai

South of Bhabar. 10-20 KM wide.
Rivers re-emerge and create marshy and swampy conditions known as Tarai.

Alluvial Belt

South of Tarai.
Features of mature stage of fluvial erosional and depositional landforms such as sand bars, meanders, ox-bow lakes and braided channels. Riverine islands in Brahmaputra.
Brahmaputra takes a turn an almost 90 degree turn at Dhubri (Assam) before entering Bangladesh.

Peninsular Plateau

Bounded by the Delhi ridge, Rajmahal Hills, Gir range and Cardamom hills.
Made up of a series of patland plateaus: Hazaribagh, Palamu, Ranchi, Malwa, Coimbatore, Karnataka etc.
One of the oldest and most stable landmass of India.
Physiographic Features: Tors, Block Mountains, rift valleys, spurs, bare rocky structures, hummocky hills and quartzite dykes offering natural sites for water storage.
Black Soil in western and northwestern parts.
Bhima fault in this region has frequent seismic activity (Lathur earthquake)
NW part also has ravines and gorges: Chambal, Bhind and Morena.

Three broad regions:

Deccan Plateau
Central Highlands
Northwestern Plateau

Deccan Plateau

Bordered by Eastern Ghats, Satpura, Maikal range and Mahadeo hills
Important ranges: WG: Sahyadri, Nilgiri, Anaimalai and Caradamom hills; EG: Javadi hills, Palconda range, Nallamala Hills, Mahendragiri hills
EG and WG meet at Nilgiri hills.
Highest peak: Anaimudi (2695 m) on Anaimalai hills; Dodabetta (2637 m) on Nilgiri hills.
Rivers: Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri etc.

Central Highlands

Bounded by the Aravali and Satpura range.
Relic mountains, highly denuded and form discontinuous ranges.
Near Jaisalmer it is covered by the longitudinal sand ridges and crescent-shaped sand dunes called barchans.
Elevation: 700-1000 m
Banas, a tributary of Chambal, originates in the Aravalli. Other tributaries of Yamuna originate from the Vindhyan and Kaimur ranges.
Minerals in Chotanagpur plateau.

Northeastern Plateau

Extension of the main Peninsular plateau.
Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong plateau.
Megahalaya plateau: Garo hills, Khasi hills and Jaintia hills (named after the tribals inhabiting the region)
Rich in minerals like coal, iron, sillimanite, limestone and uranium.
Receives maximum rainfall from SW monsoon. Hence, Meghalaya plateau has a highly eroded surface. Cherrapuni and Myswarnam.

Indian Desert

Aka Marusthali
Northwest of the Aravali hills
Dotted with longitudinal dunes and barchans.
Low rainfall: >150 mm per year Low vegetation cover
Evidence that this area was under the sea during the Mesozoic era.
Features: Mushroom Rocks, shifting dunes and oasis.
Rivers are ephemeral: Luni. Brackish lakes. Inland drainage.

Coastal Plains

Two divisions:

Western coastal plains
Eastern Coastal Plains

Western Coastal Plains

Submerged coastal plain. Hence, a narrow belt. Narrow in middle and broader towards north and south.
Ports: Provides natural conditions for the development of ports and harbours due to submergence. Kandla, Mazagaon (Mumbai), JLN port Navha Sheva, Maramagao, Mangalore, Cochin etc.
Mumbai has the world’s largest natural harbour.
May be divided into: Kachchh and Kathiawar coast in Gujarat, Konkan coast, Goan coast and Malabar coast.
Rivers don’t form delta.
Kayals (Backwaters): Found in the Malabar coast. Used for fishing and inland navigation. Every year Nehru Trophy Vallamkali (boat race) is held in Punnamada Kayal in Kerala.

Eastern Coastal Plains

Broader
Emergent coast. Hence, less number of ports and harbours. Chennai, Vizag, Paradwip, Haldia.
Delta formation

The Islands

Two major Divisions:

Andaman and Nicobar
Lakshwadeep & Minicoy

Andaman and Nicobar

Two major island groups: Ritchie’s archipelago and the Labrynth island.
The group is divided into: Andaman in the North and Nicobar in the South.
Andaman and Nicobar separated by the Ten Degree channel.
Barren Island
Peaks: Saddle Peak (N.Andaman – 738 m), Mt. Diavolo (Middle Andaman – 515 m), Mt. Koyob (S Andaman – 460 m) and Mt. Thuiller (Great Nicobar – 642 m)
Coral deposits found
Convectional rainfalls and equatorial type of vegetation.

Lakshadweep and Minicoy

Entire group built of coral deposits.
Total of 36 islands of which 11 are inhabited.
Smallest UT
Minicoy is the largest island
Separated by the 9 Degree Channel, north of which is the Amini Island and to the south Canannore island.
These islands have storm beaches consisting of unconsolidated pebbles, shingles, cobbles and boulders.

Types of Soil

Alluvial Soils

Most fertile, Sandy loam in texture,

Rich in Potash, Phosphoric Acid, Lime & Organic matter

Deficient in Nitrogen & Humus

Regur/Black Soils

Also classified as Chernozem. Clay content 50%

Rich in iron, lime & Aluminium

Poor in Nitrogen, Phosphorus & organic content

Red & Yellow Soils

Known as omnibus group.

Rich in oxides of iron

Poor in Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Humus

Laterite Soils

2.62

Not very fertile. Typical of tropical region with heavy rainfall

Rich in iron oxide & potash

Poor in nitrogen, phosphate & calcium

Arid Soils

6.13

Rich in phosphate

Poor in Nitrogen & humus

Saline Soils

1.29

Known as Usara, Reh or Kallar

Contain a large proportion of Sodium, Potassium & Magnesium

Poor in Nitrogen & Calcium

Peaty & Organic

2.17

Normally heavy & black in colour. Highly acidic.

Rich in organic matter

Poor in phosphate & potash

Forest Soils

7.94

Acidic with low humus content

Poor in potash, phosphorus & lime

Sobriquets

Bolton of the east

Ahmedabad

Manchester of South India

Coimbatore

Granary of South India

Thanjavur


		National Parks of India
1.	Wandur National Park		Andaman & Nicobar
2.	Kaziranga National Park		Assam
3.	Manas National Park		Assam
4.	Palamau National Park		Jharkhand
5.	Hazaribagh National Park		Jharkhand (Rhinoceros)
6.	Dachigam National Park		J & K – Kashmir Stag (Hangul)
7.	Hemis National Park		J & K
8.	Kishtwar National Park		J & K
9.	Silent Valley National Park		Kerala
10.	Eravikulam National Park		Kerala
11.	Bandhavgarh National Park		M.P.
12.	Kanha National Park		M.P.
13.	Madhav National Park		M.P.
14.	Pench National Park		M.P.
15.	Shivpuri National Park		M.P. – Birds
16.	Indravati National Park		Chhattisgarh
17.	Keoladeo National Park		Rajasthan
18.	Ranthambore National Park		Rajasthan
19.	Desert National Park		Rajasthan
20.	Sariska National Park		Rajasthan
21.	Namdapha National Park		Arunachal Pradesh
22.	Marine National Park		Gujarat
23.	Pin Valley National Park		Himachal Pradesh

24.	Bandipur National Park	Karnataka
25.	Nagarhole National Park	Karnataka
26.	Bannerghatta National Park	Karnataka
27.	Tadoba National Park	Maharashtra
28.	Boriveli National Park	Maharashtra (or Sanjay Gandhi National Park)
29.	Balpakram National Park	Meghalaya
30.	Nokrek National Park	Meghalaya
31.	Nandan Kanan National Park	Orissa
32.	Chandka Elephant Reserve	Orissa
33.	Simlipal Tiger Reserve	Orissa
34.	Corbett National Park	Uttaranchal
35.	Rajaji National Park	Uttaranchal
36.	Valley of Flower N. Park	Uttaranchal
37.	Nandadevi National Park	Uttaranchal
38.	Dudhwa National Park	U.P.
39.	Govind National Park	U.P.

Wildlife Sanctuaries of India

1.	Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary	Andhra Pradesh
2.	Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary	Tamil Nadu
3.	Srisailam Wildlife Sanctuary	Andhra Pradesh
4.	Garampani Wildlife Sanctuary	Assam
5.	Kaimur wildlife Sanctuary	Bihar (largest)
6.	Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary	Karnataka
7.	Periyar Wildlife sanctuary	Kerala
8.	National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary	M.P., U.P & Rajasthan
9.	Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary	Maharashtra (Ahmednagar)
10.	Gomardha Wildlife Sanctuary	Chhattisgarh
11.	Harike Headworks	Punjab
12.	Jaldapara Wildlife sanctuary	West Bengal
13.	Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary	Haryana
14.	Raganathittu Wildlife Sanctuary	Karnataka
15.	Madumalai Sanctuary	Tamil Nadu
16.	Pulicat Sanctuary	Andhra Pradesh
17.	Chandraprabha Wildlife Sanctuary	U.P (Varanasi)
18.	Ranganthitoo Bird Sanctury	Karnataka
19.	Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary	Tamil Nadu

		Breeds of Cattle
1.	Cow	Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Deoni (Andhra Pr.), Nagori, Rathi, Siri, Malvi,
		Tharparkar. Exotic breeds – Holstein, Friesian, Jersey, Brown Swiss.
2.	Buffalo	Murrah, Bhadawari, Nagpuri, Mehsana, Jaffrabadi, Surti, Nali-Ravi.
3.	Sheep	Jaisalmeri, Pugal, Bikaneri, Marwari, Kathiawari.
4.	Goats	Jamnapuri, Barbari

High Yielding Varieties of Seed

1.	Wheat	Kalyan Sona, Sonalika, Arjun, Lerma, Sharbati Sonora, WL series.
2.	Rice	Padma, Jaya, IR-8, Hamsa, Krishna, Cauvery, Annapurna
3.	Maize	Ganga-101, Deccan Hybrid
4.	Jowar	CSV-1 to CSV-7
5.	Ragi	Sharda
6.	Cotton	V-797, Hybrid 4,5, Digvijay, Varalaxmi, Sanjay, Deviraj, Virnar.

Roads, Railways & Waterways in India

1.	National Highways	67700 Km	Broad Guage	46800 km
2.	State Highways	137000 Km	Meter Guage	13000 km
3.	District Roads	12 Lakh Km	Narrow Guage	3100 km
4.	Village Roads	15 Lakh Km	Total Railway guage	63200 km
5.	Border Roads	30,000 Km	No of Trains	13500
6.	Total Roads	33 Lakh Km	No of Stations	7100
7.	Total Waterways	14500 Km	Electrified route	28%

National Waterways

1.	National Waterways-1	Allahabad-Haldia stretch of the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hoogly system
2.	National Waterways-2	Sadiya-Dhubri stretch of the Brahmaputra system
3.	National Waterways-3	The west coast canal from Kottapuram to Kollam along with the
		Udyogmandal & Champakar canals (All in Kerala).

			Indian Railways, Headquarters
		1.	Nothern Raiway	Delhi
		2.	Southern Railway	Chennai
		3.	Eastern Raiway	Kolkata
		4.	Western Railway	Mumbai (Churchgate)
		5.	North-Western Railway	Jaipur
		6.	North-Central Railway	Allahabad
		7.	North-Eastern Railway	Gorakhpur
		8.	North-East Frontier Railway	Guwahati
		9.	East Coast Railway	Bhubaneshwar
		10.	East Central Railway	Hazipur
		11.	West Central Railway	Jabalpur
		12.	Central Railway	Mumbai (V.T)
		13.	South-Central Railway	Secundarabad
		14.	South Eastern Railway	Kolkata
		15.	South-Western Railway	Bangalore
		16.	South-East Central Railway	Bilaspur
			India Pipelines
1.	Naharkatiya Oilfield in Assam to Barauni refinery in Bihar via Noonmati – First pipeline
2.	Barauni-Kanpur pipeline for transport of refined petroleum
3.	Haldia-Maurgram-Rajbandh pipeline
4.	Ankleshwar oilfield to Koyali refinery in Gujarat
5.	Mumbai High Koyali pipeline
6.	Hajira-Bijapur-Jagdishpur (HBJ) pipeline (1750 km). Extended from Bijapur to Dadri in U.P.



7.			Kandla to Luni in U.P via Delhi for LPG transport (1250 Km)
				Airways-Internatioanal Airports
	1.		Mumbai	Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (Sahar)
	2.		Delhi	Indira Gandhi International Airport
	3.		Chennai	Anna International Airport (Meenambakam)
	4.		Kolkata	Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport
	5.		Ahmedabad	Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel International Airport
	6.		Amritsar	Raja Sansi Airport
	7.		Bangalore	Needumbassery International Airport
	8.		Goa	Dabolim International Airport
	9.		Guwahati	Lokapriya Gopinat Bardoli International Airport
	10.		Hyderabad	Rajiv Gandhi International Airport
	11.		Thiruvananthapuram	Trivandrum International Airport
	12.		Kochi	Nedumbassery International Airport.
				India’s Foreign Trade
		1.	Petroleum, Oil, Lubricants (POL)		27 %	1.	Gems & Jewellery	17 %
		2.	Pearls & Precious stones		9 %	2.	Readymade Garments	13 %
		3.	Gold & Silver		8.5 %	3.	Chemicals	11 %
		4.	Capital Goods		12 %	4.	Cotton Textile	8 %
		5.	Electronic goods		9 %	5.	Machine & Transport	6 %
		6.	Chemicals		7 %	6.	Agricultural Exports	13.5 %
		7.	Edible Oils		3 %	7.
		8.	Coke, Coal & briquettes		2 %	8.

Fish & Fish products lead agricultural exports accounting for 3.1 % of the total value.

India’s major trading partners

1.	USA	11.6 %
2.	UAE	5.0 %
3.	China	5 .0%
4.	UK	4.4 %
5.	Belgium	4.1 %
6.	Germany	3.9 %
7.	Japan	3.1 %
8.	Switzerland	2.7 %
9.	Hongkong	3.4 %
10.	Singapore	3.0 %

Cities located on Rivers

City	River	State
Agra	Yamuna	UP
Badrinath	Alaknanda	Uttranchal
Cuttack	Mahanadi	Orissa
Dibrugarh	Brahmaputra	Assam
Ferozpur	Sutlej	Punjab

Guwahati	Brahmaputra	Assam
Hyderabad	Musi	AP
Jabalpur	Narmada	MP
Kanpur	Ganga	UP
Kota	Chambal	Rajasthan
Lucknow	Gomti	UP
Ludhiana	Sutlej	Punjab
Nasik	Godavari	Maharashtra
Pandharpur	Bhima	Maharashtra
Patna	Ganga	Bihar
Sambalpur	Mahanadi	Orissa
Srinagar	Jhelum	J&K
Surat	Tapti	Gujarat
Tiruchirapalli	Cauvery	Tamil Nadu
Varanasi	Ganga	UP
Vijaywada	Krishna	AP

		Industries of India
1.	Iron & Steel	IISCO has 3 Plants at Kulti, Hirapur & Burnpur. Visvesvaraya Iron & Steel
		Co is located on the bank of Bhadravati river in Karnataka.
		Hindustan Steel Limited (HSL) at Bhilai, Durgapur & Bokaro.
2.	Cotton Textile	4% of GDP. 3.5 Crore population employed.
3.	Sugar Industry
4.	Aluminum	HINDALCO (Renukoot), INDAL (Alupuram, Hirakud, Belgaum), Madras
	Industry	Aluminium Company (MALCO, Mettur), BALCO (Korba), NALCO
		(Koraput)
5.	Copper Smelting	HCL is the main player & operates Khetri copper complex, Indian copper
		complex (Ghatsila, Jharkhand), Malanjkhand copper project (Balghat,
		M.P.), Taloja copper project (Raigad, Maharashtra).
6.	Jute Textile	Centers are Titagarh, budge-budge, Haora, Rishra, Serampore,
		Bhadreshware, Shyamnagar.
7.	Silk Textile	Its varieties are Mulberry (88%), Eri (9%), Tassar (2%), Muga (1%)
8.	Woolen Textile	Punjab, Maharashtra & U.P account for 75% production. Dhariwal is most
		important centre. Others are Amritsar, Ludhiana, Kharar.
9.	Heavy Industry	Heavy Engineering Corp Ltd (Ranchi), Tungabhadra Steel Products Ltd
		(Karnataka), Bharat heavy plates & Vessels (Vishakhapatnam)
		Mining & allied machinery corporation (Durgapur).
10.	Machine Tools	HMT (Bangalore, Pinjore in Haryana, Kalamassery in Kerala, Hyderabad,
		Ajmer & Sri Nagar), Heavy Machine Tools (Ranchi), Machine Tools Corp
		of India (Ajmer), National Instruments Factory at Kolkata.
11.	Automobiles	TELCO in Mumbai, Ashok Leyland in Chennai, Bajaj Tempo (Pune).
		Defense vehicles are produced at Jabalpur.
12.	Pesticides	Hindustan Insecticides Ltd (Delhi, Kerala & Rasayani, Maharashtra)
		Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd (Rasayani, Raigad & Kochi)
13.	Cement Industry	Top manufacturing states are M.P, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pr & Raj. Jamul
		is largest plant of M.P. & Sawai Madhopur leads in Rajasthan
14.	Leather Industry	India is 3^rd largest player after Italy & U.S.

15.	Glass Industry	Bahjoi & Naini (Both in U.P.) are famous for glass sheets & Firozabad for
		bangles.
16.	Paper Industry	Rajmundhry (Andhra Pr), Ballarpur (Maharshtra), Titagarh (Bengal)
		Bhadravati, Dandeli (Karnataka), Hoshangabad (M.P)
17.	Liquor Industry	U.P. has more than 50% installed capacity. Maharashtra, A.P are others.
18.	Aircraft industry	Important centres are HAL-Bangalore, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Others are
		Koraput (Orissa) & Nasik.
19.	Railway	Chittaranjan Locomotive works (Electric engines) – West Bengal
	Equipments	Diesel Locomotive works	– Varanasi
		Integral Coach Factory	– Perambur, Tamil Nadu
		Rail Coach Factory	– Kapurthala, Punjab.
		Diesel Componets Works	– Patiala
		Railway wheels & Axels	– Yalahanka (Banalore) & Durgapur.
20.	Ship Building	Hindustan Shipyard (Vishakhapatnam), Garden-Reach Shipbuilders
		(Kolkata), Mazagaon Dock (Mumbai), Goa Shipyard (Vasco).
21.	Pharmaceuticals	IDPL – Rhishikesh, Hyderabad, Gurgaon, Chennai, Muzzafarpur
		Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd – Pimpri, Pune – first public sector undertaking
		in this industry
22.	Zinc & Lead	Hindustan Zinc Ltd at Debari, Rajasthan (both zinc & lead)
23.	Fertilizers	FCI-Sindri
	Industry	National Fertilizers Limited – Nangal
		Hindustan Fertilizer Corp Ltd- Namrup (Assam), Durgapur.
		Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Ltd – Trombay, Thal
		Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, U.P & Maharashtra are the 4 largest in order.
24.	Heavy Electricals	BHEL (Bhopal, Tiruchirapalli, Ramchandrapuram in A.P, Jammu,
		Bangalore, Hardwar). Ms ABL at Durgapur.
		Hindustan Cables Factory (Rupnarainpur, Bengal), Indian Telephone
		industries (Bangalore), Bharat Electronics (Bangalore),
		Electronics corporation of India (Hyderabad)

		Industrial Regions of India
4.	Mumbai-Pune rgion	Tata hydel stations at Khopali, Bhivpuri, Bhira & koyna
		Solapur, Satara, Sangli & Ahmednagar
5.	Hugli Industrial Belt	From Naihati to Budge-Budge along left bank & Tribeni to
		Nalpur along right bank. Other centres are Serampur, Rishra,
		Shibpur, Kakinara, Shamnagar, Titagarh, Sodepur, Bansbaria,
		Belgurriah, Triveni, Belur.

Bangalore-Tamil Nadu

Pykara project supplies electricity. Salem, Madurai,

Tiruchirapalli, Mettur, Mysore, Mandya.

Ahmedabad-Vadodara

Dhuvaran Thermal power station, Uttaran gas power station,

Ukai hydro project. Koyali, Anand, Khera, Surendranagar,

Rajkot, Surat, Valsad, Jamnagar

Chhotanagpur Region

Chaibasa, Dhanbad, Sindri, Hazaribagh, Asansol, Durgapur,

Dalmianagar, Ranchi, Daltonganj.

Gurgaon Delhi Meerut

Faridabad, Modinagar, Ambala, Agra, Mathura

Six Largest National Highways

National Highway

Route

Lengh Km

NH 7

Varanasi-Kanyakumari

2369

NH 6

Kolkata & Dhule via Raipur, Nagpur.

1932

NH 5

Baharagora-Chennai

1533

NH 2

Delhi-Kolkata

1490

NH 8

Delhi-Mumbai

1428

NH 17

Panvel-Edapally (Karnataka)

1270

Important National Highways

NH-1

Delhi to Amritsar via Ambala & Jallandhar

456

NH-1A

Jallandhar & Uri via Jammu, Srinagar & Baramula

NH 22

Ambala to Shipkila on Indo china border

460

NH 28 A

Pipra to Nepal border

NH 35

Barasat-Bongaigaon-Indo Bangladesh border

NH 39

Numaligarh-Indo Burma border.

436

NH 3

Agra to Mumbai via Gwalior

NH 4

Chennai with Thane

Important Industrial Centers of India

Ferozabad

Glass Bangles

Mirzapur

Pottery

Jaipur

Gems Industry

Trivandrum

Wood Carving

Kadi

Mineral Oil

Korba

Aluminium

Bhatinda

Fertilizers

		Racial Profile of India

1.	Negritos	Only on Andamans & Nicobar
2.	Proto-Australoid	Includes Tribal group of central & southern India. Veddahs,
		Maleveddahs, Irulas, Sholgas considere true representative.
3.	Mongoloids	Garo, Khasi, Jaintia, Lipchas, Chakmas, Murmis, Naga & Dafla
4.	Mediterranean	Divided into: Palaeo-Mediterranean (or Dravidians) inhabiting



		southern parts of India & True Mediterranean inhabiting northern &
		western part of the country.
5.	Brachycephals	Characterized by broad heads. Coorgis & Parsis are representative.
		They are divided into Alpinoids, Dinarics & Armenoids
6.	Nordics/Indo-Aryans	Inhabit parts of north India. They are mostly represented among the
		upper castes in northern India esp in Punjab

Demographic Profile of India

S.	Parameter	Top in Parameter	Bottom in Parameter
1.	Population	U.P, Maharasthra, Bihar, W.	Sikkim, Mizoram, Arunachal
	(1027 million)	Bengal & Andhra Pr.	Pradesh & Goa
		Delhi (UTs)	Lakshadweep (UT)
2.	Population Density	West Bengal (904), Bihar (880),	Arunachal Pr (13), Mizoram,
	(324 per/Sq km)	Kerala, U.P, Punjab.	Sikkim
		Delhi	Andaman & Nicobar.
3.	Popln Growth	Nagaland (64%), Sikkim	Kerala (9.4%)
4.	Growth Urban population	Arunachal Pradesh	Kerala
		Dadra & Nagar haveli
5.	Growth rural population	Nagaland	Tamil Nadu
6.	Proportion of Urban Populn	Goa (50%)	Arunachal Pradesh (5%)
			Dadra & Nagar Haveli
7.	Average size of Villages	Kerala (~15000 people)	Arunachal (~200)
8.	Sex Ratio (933)	Kerala (1058)	Haryana (861), Punjab &
		Pondicherry	Sikkim
			Daman & Diu
9.	Death Rate	Orissa	Kerala (6 per thousand)
10.	Infant Mortality Rate	Orissa	Kerala
11.	Literacy	Kerala (91%), Mizoram, Goa,	Bihar (47%), Jharkhand,
		Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh	J&K, Arunachal Pr, U.P.
		Lakshadweep (UT)	Dadra & Nagar Haveli (UT)

A Landform is a physical feature of the Earth’s surface. Landforms can be classified into two main types: natural and human-made. Natural landforms are formed by the processes of erosion, deposition, and weathering. Human-made landforms are created by humans for a variety of purposes, such as agriculture, transportation, and recreation.

Some common natural landforms include mountains, valleys, plateaus, plains, and deserts. Mountains are elevated areas of land that are typically higher than the surrounding terrain. Valleys are low-lying areas of land that are typically surrounded by mountains. Plateaus are elevated areas of land that are typically flat or gently sloping. Plains are large, flat areas of land. Deserts are areas of land that receive very little rainfall.

Some common human-made landforms include cities, roads, Dams, and canals. Cities are large, densely populated areas of land. Roads are man-made paths that are used for transportation. Dams are structures that are built across rivers to control the flow of water. Canals are man-made waterways that are used for transportation or irrigation.

Landforms can be found on all seven continents. The most common landforms in North America are mountains, valleys, plateaus, and plains. The most common landforms in South America are mountains, plateaus, and lowlands. The most common landforms in Europe are mountains, plateaus, and plains. The most common landforms in Asia are mountains, plateaus, and deserts. The most common landforms in Africa are mountains, plateaus, and deserts. The most common landforms in Australia are mountains, plateaus, and deserts. The most common landforms in Antarctica are mountains, plateaus, and ice sheets.

Landforms play an important role in the Earth’s climate. Mountains, for example, can block the flow of air, which can lead to changes in temperature and Precipitation. Plateaus can also affect the climate by trapping heat or cold air. Plains, on the other hand, are typically more open to the Elements, which can lead to more extreme weather conditions.

Landforms also play an important role in the Earth’s Ecosystems. Mountains, for example, can provide habitat for a variety of plants and animals. Plateaus can also provide habitat for a variety of plants and animals, but they are typically less diverse than mountains. Plains, on the other hand, are typically home to a wide variety of plants and animals.

Landforms are an important part of the Earth’s landscape. They provide us with a variety of Resources, such as water, minerals, and timber. They also provide us with a variety of recreational opportunities, such as hiking, camping, and fishing. Landforms are also an important part of the Earth’s climate and ecosystems. They play a vital role in the Earth’s balance and Health.

What are the different types of landforms?

There are many different types of landforms, but some of the most common include mountains, valleys, plateaus, and plains. Mountains are high areas of land that rise sharply above the surrounding area. Valleys are low-lying areas between mountains or hills. Plateaus are large, flat areas of land that are higher than the surrounding area. Plains are large, flat areas of land that are not very high.

What are the causes of landforms?

Landforms are formed by a variety of processes, including erosion, deposition, and Plate tectonics. Erosion is the process by which the Earth’s surface is worn away by wind, water, and ice. Deposition is the process by which material is deposited on the Earth’s surface. Plate tectonics is the theory that the Earth’s surface is made up of a number of plates that move around.

What are the effects of landforms on humans?

Landforms can have a significant impact on human life. For example, mountains can provide a source of water and minerals, but they can also be difficult to cross. Valleys can be used for agriculture, but they can also be prone to flooding. Plateaus can be used for grazing, but they can also be dry and dusty. Plains are often used for agriculture and transportation, but they can also be prone to droughts.

What are some of the most famous landforms in the world?

Some of the most famous landforms in the world include Mount Everest, the Grand Canyon, the Great Barrier Reef, and the Sahara Desert. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world, located in the Himalayas. The Grand Canyon is a deep canyon carved by the Colorado River in the U.S. state of Arizona. The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system, located in the Coral Sea off the coast of Queensland, Australia. The Sahara Desert is the largest hot desert in the world, located in North Africa.

What are some of the most endangered landforms in the world?

Some of the most endangered landforms in the world include coral reefs, rainforests, and glaciers. Coral reefs are threatened by Climate Change, pollution, and overfishing. Rainforests are threatened by deforestation, logging, and mining. Glaciers are threatened by climate change, which is causing them to melt.

What can we do to protect landforms?

There are a number of things we can do to protect landforms, including:

Reducing our impact on the Environment.
Conserving resources.
Protecting wildlife.
Supporting Sustainable Development.
Raising awareness about the importance of landforms.

Which of the following is not a type of landform?
(A) Mountain
(B) River
(C) Ocean
(D) Cloud
Which of the following is the largest landform on Earth?
(A) The Pacific Ocean
(B) The Sahara Desert
(C) The Amazon Rainforest
(D) The Arctic Tundra
Which of the following is the highest mountain in the world?
(A) Mount Everest
(B) K2
(C) Mount Kilimanjaro
(D) Mount McKinley
Which of the following is the longest river in the world?
(A) The Nile River
(B) The Amazon River
(C) The Yangtze River
(D) The Mississippi River
Which of the following is the largest ocean on Earth?
(A) The Pacific Ocean
(B) The Atlantic Ocean
(C) The Indian Ocean
(D) The Arctic Ocean
Which of the following is the driest continent on Earth?
(A) Antarctica
(B) Africa
(C) Australia
(D) Asia
Which of the following is the largest desert in the world?
(A) The Sahara Desert
(B) The Arabian Desert
(C) The Gobi Desert
(D) The Atacama Desert
Which of the following is the largest rainforest in the world?
(A) The Amazon Rainforest
(B) The Congo Rainforest
(C) The Indonesian Rainforest
(D) The Amazon Rainforest
Which of the following is the coldest continent on Earth?
(A) Antarctica
(B) North America
(C) South America
(D) Asia
Which of the following is the largest island in the world?
(A) Greenland
(B) New Guinea
(C) Borneo
(D) Madagascar