<–2/”>a >Human Development is a process of enlarging people’s choices. The most critical ones are to lead a long and healthy life, to be educated and to enjoy a decent standard of living. Additional choices include political freedom, guaranteed Human Rights and self-respect.Human development has to be development of the people, by the people, for the people. Human development is about creating an Environment in which people can develop their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests.
The first Human Development Report was published in 1990,States human development as a process of enlarging people’s choices and enhancing their capabilities. The process concerns the creation of an enabling environment in which people can develop their full potential and live productive and creative lives according with their needs, interests and own values. In this sense, human development paradigm promotes well-being in a Society.
The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic Growth alone. The HDI can also be used to question national policy choices, asking how two countries with the same level of GNI per capita can end up with different human development outcomes. These contrasts can stimulate debate about government policy priorities.
The Human Development index (HDI) is a summary measure of Average achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and have a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the following three dimensions:-
a. A long and healthy life, as reflected in life expectancy at birth.
b. The acquisition of Education and knowledge, as reflected in the mean years of schooling (adjusted for out of school children) and Literacy rate (age 7 years and above).
c. Th e standard of living and command over Resources, as reflected in the monthly per capita expenditure adjusted for Inflation and inequality.
India’s human development index (HDI) ranking for 2015 puts India ranked as 131 out of 188 countries. Asia’s third largest economy is among a group of countries classed as “medium” in the list, as opposed to “low” in the 1990s, which is largely due to an increase in life expectancy and mean years of schooling in the past 25 years.
The following are the reasons to keep India at the bottom of human development
(a) rapid increase in Population
(b) large number of adult illiterates and low gross enrollment ratio
(c) high drop- out rates
(d) inadequate government expenditure on education and Health,
(e) large proportion of under weight children as well as under nourished people
(f) very poor sanitation facilities and low access to essential life saving medicines.,
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher on the HDI if it has a high life expectancy, high educational attainment, and a high level of income.
India’s HDI progress has been significant in recent years. In 1990, India’s HDI value was 0.427, ranking it 134th out of 174 countries. By 2020, India’s HDI value had increased to 0.645, ranking it 131st out of 189 countries. This progress is due to a number of factors, including economic growth, improvements in education and healthcare, and reductions in POVERTY.
The HDI is calculated using three indicators: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, and expected years of schooling. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years that a newborn is expected to live. Mean years of schooling is the average number of years of schooling that a person has completed. Expected years of schooling is the average number of years of schooling that a child is expected to complete.
India’s life expectancy at birth has increased from 57.4 years in 1990 to 69.3 years in 2020. This increase is due to a number of factors, including improvements in healthcare, better Nutrition, and a decline in infectious diseases.
India’s mean years of schooling have also increased, from 3.4 years in 1990 to 7.0 years in 2020. This increase is due to a number of factors, including the expansion of primary and secondary education, and the increasing enrollment of girls in school.
India’s expected years of schooling have also increased, from 10.6 years in 1990 to 12.5 years in 2020. This increase is due to the expansion of higher education, and the increasing enrollment of young people in college.
India’s HDI rank has also improved significantly in recent years. In 1990, India ranked 134th out of 174 countries. By 2020, India’s rank had improved to 131st out of 189 countries. This improvement is due to the country’s progress in all three HDI indicators.
The HDI is a useful tool for measuring human development and tracking progress over time. However, it is important to note that the HDI is a composite index and does not capture all aspects of human development. For example, the HDI does not measure factors such as inequality, social inclusion, or environmental sustainability.
Despite its limitations, the HDI is a valuable tool for understanding human development and promoting progress. The HDI can be used to identify countries that are lagging behind and to target resources to those countries. The HDI can also be used to track progress over time and to hold governments accountable for their commitments to human development.
India’s HDI progress is encouraging, but there is still much work to be done. India needs to continue to invest in education, healthcare, and social protection. India also needs to address the issue of inequality, which is a major obstacle to human development.
The HDI is a powerful tool for promoting human development. By understanding the HDI and its limitations, we can use it to make progress towards a more just and equitable world.
What is HDI?
HDI stands for Human Development Index. It is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country’s HDI value is a summary measure of its achievements in key areas of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and having a decent standard of living.
How is HDI calculated?
The HDI is calculated as a geometric mean of three indices: life expectancy at birth, expected years of schooling for children under 15, and gross NATIONAL INCOME per capita. Each index is normalized to range from 0 to 1, and the HDI is then calculated as the geometric mean of the three normalized indices.
What are the limitations of HDI?
The HDI has been criticized for a number of reasons, including the fact that it does not take into account inequality within countries, it does not measure non-economic aspects of development, and it is based on data that is not always reliable.
What is India’s HDI?
India’s HDI value for 2020 is 0.645, which puts it in the medium human development category. India’s HDI has been increasing steadily over the past few decades, and it is now ranked 131st out of 189 countries in the world.
What are the factors that have contributed to India’s HDI progress?
A number of factors have contributed to India’s HDI progress, including economic growth, improvements in health and education, and reductions in poverty.
What are the challenges that India faces in improving its HDI?
India faces a number of challenges in improving its HDI, including inequality, Malnutrition, and lack of access to basic Services.
What are the opportunities for India to improve its HDI?
India has a number of opportunities to improve its HDI, including continued economic growth, investments in health and education, and reforms to reduce inequality.
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The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. Which of the following is not one of the three indicators used to calculate the HDI?
(A) Life expectancy at birth
(B) Mean years of schooling
(C) Gross national income per capita
(D) GNI per capita adjusted for purchasing power parity -
The HDI was developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1990. The HDI is used to measure the progress of countries towards achieving human development goals. Which of the following is not one of the four tiers of human development?
(A) Very high human development
(B) High human development
(C) Medium human development
(D) Low human development -
India’s HDI has improved significantly over the past few decades. In 1990, India’s HDI was 0.427, which placed it in the low human development category. In 2020, India’s HDI was 0.704, which placed it in the medium human development category. Which of the following is not one of the factors that has contributed to India’s improved HDI?
(A) Increased life expectancy
(B) Increased literacy rates
(C) Increased per capita income
(D) Increased access to education and healthcare -
India’s HDI is still below the world average of 0.728. Which of the following is one of the challenges that India faces in improving its HDI?
(A) Poverty
(B) Inequality
(C) Gender inequality
(D) All of the above -
India’s HDI is expected to continue to improve in the coming years. Which of the following is one of the factors that is expected to contribute to India’s continued HDI improvement?
(A) Economic growth
(B) Investment in education and healthcare
(C) Social development
(D) All of the above