<–2/”>a >The term Sustainable Growth became prominent after the World Conservation Strategy Presented in 1980 by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Brundland Report(1987) define Sustainable Development as the a process which seek to meet the needs and aspirations of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own demands.
Natural Resources are limited and thus sustainable development promotes their judicious use and put emphasis on conservation and protection of Environment.Global Warming and Climate change has brought the issue of Sustainable development in prominence.
Inclusive Growth is economic growth that creates opportunity for all segments of the Population and distributes the dividends of increased prosperity, both in monetary and non-monetary terms, fairly across Society.Indian Plans after the independence were based on the downward infiltration theory, which failed to bring equitable growth to all the sections of the Indian Society.
Approach paper of 11th five year plan talked about “Inclusive and more faster growth” through bridging divides by including those in growth process who were excluded. Divide between above and Below POVERTY Line, between those with productive jobs and those who are unemployed or grossly unemployed is at alarming stage.
Liberalization-2/”>Liberalization and Privatization after 1990’s have brought the nation out of the hindu growth rate syndrome but the share of growth has not been equitably distributed amongst different sections of Indian Society.
Various dimensions of Inclusive growth are:-
- economic
- social
- financial
- environmental
Important issues that are needed to be addressed to achieve the inclusive growth are:-
- Poverty
- Unemployment
- Rural Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE
- Financial Inclusion
- Balanced regional development
- Equality/”>Gender Equality
- Human resource development (Health, Education, Skill development)
- Basic Human Resources like sanitation, drinking water, housing etc.
Government has launched several programs and policies for Inclusive growth such as:-
- MNREGA
- Jan Dhan Yojna
- Atal Pension Yojna
- Skill India Mission
- Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana
- Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana
- Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana
- Sukanya Samridhi Yojana
- Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana
- Jan Aushadhi Yojana (JAY)
- Nai Manzil Scheme for minority students
- The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) or Housing for all by 2022
| Investment/”>Foreign Direct Investment | Foreign Portfolio Investment |
| FDI is an investment made by a company or individual in the business of another country in the form of either establishing a new business or acquiring the existing business. | FPI is an investment made by a company or an individual in the stock markets or debt markets of another country. FPI investors merely purchase equities/Shares/Bonds/Debentures of foreign based countries. |
| FDIs are mainly made in Open Economies as opposed to tightly controlled closed economies. | FPIs are mainly made with the objective of making quick profits by buying and selling shares, bonds and debentures. |
| FDIs are made for a longer period as the foreign investor’s controls and owns the companies in which they have invested. | FPIs are made for shorter periods as the foreign investor do not own the companies and only invest in shares of the existing companies. |
| FDIs are much Stable. | FPIs are highly volatile. |
| As per Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the threshold for an investment to be considered as FDI is 10 percent or more ownership stake. | As per Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), investment of less than 10 percent in foreign companies is treated as FPIs. All FPI taken together cannot acquire more than 24 per cent of the paid-up capital of an Indian Company. |
| FDIs are normally categorised as being Horizontal or Vertical in nature.
· A Horizontal investment refers to the foreign firms establishing the same type of Business operations in the host country as it operates in his home country. Example; Apple opening up Apple manufacturing unit in India. · A Vertical investment refers to the foreign firms establishing different but related business in host countries. Example: Hyundai Motors acquiring or establishing a company in India that supplies car spare parts/raw materials required for manufacturing Cars by Hyundai. |
FPI investor includes Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs), Foreign Qualified Investors (FQIs).
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Inclusive growth and sustainable development are two of the most important challenges facing the world today. Inclusive growth refers to economic growth that benefits all members of society, while sustainable development refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
There are many links between inclusive growth and sustainable development. For example, economic growth that is not inclusive can lead to increased inequality, which can in turn hinder sustainable development. On the other hand, sustainable development can help to promote inclusive growth by ensuring that everyone has the opportunity to participate in and benefit from economic growth.
There are many things that can be done to promote inclusive growth and sustainable development. Some of the most important include:
- Investing in education and health: Education and health are essential for people to be able to participate in the economy and to live healthy and productive lives. Investing in these areas can help to reduce poverty and inequality, and can also promote sustainable development by creating a more educated and healthy workforce.
- Promoting Good Governance: Good governance is essential for ensuring that economic growth is inclusive and sustainable. This includes ensuring that governments are accountable to their citizens, that institutions are effective and efficient, and that the Rule of Law is upheld.
- Investing in infrastructure: Infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and power grids, is essential for economic growth. Investing in infrastructure can help to create jobs, improve access to markets, and reduce poverty.
- Promoting innovation: Innovation is essential for driving economic growth and for developing new solutions to the challenges of sustainable development. Governments can promote innovation by investing in research and development, by providing tax breaks for businesses that invest in innovation, and by creating an environment that is conducive to innovation.
- Protecting the environment: The environment is essential for human health and well-being, and it is also essential for economic growth. Protecting the environment can help to reduce poverty and inequality, and can also promote sustainable development by ensuring that natural resources are used in a sustainable way.
Inclusive growth and sustainable development are complex challenges, but they are also essential for the future of the world. By working together, we can create a more prosperous and sustainable future for all.
In addition to the above, there are a number of other specific policies that can be implemented to promote inclusive growth and sustainable development. These include:
- Supporting small businesses: Small businesses are often the engine of economic growth, and they can play a particularly important role in creating jobs and opportunities for disadvantaged groups. Governments can support small businesses by providing access to finance, training, and other forms of assistance.
- Investing in rural areas: Rural areas often lag behind urban areas in terms of Economic Development. Governments can help to close this gap by investing in infrastructure, education, and healthcare in rural areas.
- Promoting gender equality: Gender equality is essential for inclusive growth and sustainable development. Governments can promote gender equality by investing in education and healthcare for Women, by providing equal opportunities for women in the workplace, and by combating violence against women.
- Addressing Climate Change: Climate change is one of the most serious challenges facing the world today. Governments can address climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, investing in RENEWABLE ENERGY, and promoting sustainable agriculture.
These are just a few of the many policies that can be implemented to promote inclusive growth and sustainable development. By working together, we can create a more prosperous and sustainable future for all.
What is inclusive growth?
Inclusive growth is a type of economic growth that benefits all members of society, regardless of their income, race, gender, or other factors. It is a type of growth that is sustainable and equitable, and that creates opportunities for everyone.
What are the benefits of inclusive growth?
There are many benefits to inclusive growth. It can lead to higher levels of economic growth, as well as greater social and political stability. It can also help to reduce poverty and inequality.
What are the challenges of inclusive growth?
There are a number of challenges to inclusive growth. One challenge is that it can be difficult to ensure that everyone benefits from economic growth. Another challenge is that inclusive growth can sometimes lead to Inflation.
What are some examples of inclusive growth policies?
Some examples of inclusive growth policies include investing in education and healthcare, providing job training programs, and creating tax breaks for small businesses.
What is sustainable development?
Sustainable development is a type of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is a type of development that is environmentally friendly, socially just, and economically viable.
What are the benefits of sustainable development?
There are many benefits to sustainable development. It can help to protect the environment, improve human health, and reduce poverty. It can also help to create a more just and equitable world.
What are the challenges of sustainable development?
There are a number of challenges to sustainable development. One challenge is that it can be difficult to balance the needs of the present with the needs of the future. Another challenge is that sustainable development can sometimes be expensive.
What are some examples of sustainable development policies?
Some examples of sustainable development policies include investing in renewable energy, promoting Energy Efficiency, and protecting Biodiversity-2/”>Biodiversity.
What is the difference between inclusive growth and sustainable development?
Inclusive growth is a type of economic growth that benefits all members of society, while sustainable development is a type of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Inclusive growth is focused on economic growth, while sustainable development is focused on environmental protection, social Justice, and economic viability.
What are the similarities between inclusive growth and sustainable development?
Both inclusive growth and sustainable development are concerned with creating a better future for all. They both require cooperation between governments, businesses, and civil society. And they both have the potential to improve the lives of millions of people around the world.
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Which of the following is not a goal of sustainable development?
(A) Eradicating poverty and hunger
(B) Promoting gender equality and empowering women
(C) Ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns
(D) Protecting the environment -
Which of the following is not a principle of sustainable development?
(A) Equity
(B) Participation
(C) Precautionary approach
(D) Accountability -
Which of the following is not a challenge to sustainable development?
(A) Climate change
(B) Deforestation
(C) Poverty
(D) Population Growth -
Which of the following is not a solution to sustainable development?
(A) Investing in renewable energy
(B) Reducing greenhouse gas emissions
(C) Protecting biodiversity
(D) Increasing consumption -
Which of the following is not a benefit of sustainable development?
(A) Improved Quality Of Life
(B) Reduced poverty
(C) Increased resilience to shocks
(D) Increased inequality -
Which of the following is not a cost of sustainable development?
(A) Reduced economic growth
(B) Increased taxes
(C) Decreased consumption
(D) Increased environmental protection -
Which of the following is not a way to measure sustainable development?
(A) Gross domestic product (GDP)
(B) Human Development index (HDI)
(C) Ecological Footprint
(D) Genuine progress indicator (GPI) -
Which of the following is not a sustainable development goal?
(A) Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
(B) Goal 2: End hunger, achieve Food Security and improved Nutrition and promote Sustainable Agriculture
(C) Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
(D) Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong Learning opportunities for all -
Which of the following is not a target of sustainable development goal 1?
(A) By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.90 a day
(B) By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions
(C) By 2030, ensure that all men and women, particularly the poor and vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic Services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance
(D) By 2030, build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation, and significantly increase access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all -
Which of the following is not a target of sustainable development goal 2?
(A) By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and vulnerable, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round
(B) By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists and fisherfolk, including through secure and equal access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial services, markets and appropriate technologies, and by developing and strengthening relevant policies and institutions
(C) By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, that help maintain Ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other disasters and that progressively improve land and Soil quality
(D) By 2030, reduce by half per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses -
Which of the following is not a target of sustainable development goal 3?
(A) By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment, and promote mental health and well-being
(B) By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to as low as 25 per 1,000 live births
(C) By 2030, achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and Vaccines for all
(D) By 2030, strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse