Important Organic Compounds

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Some Important Organic Compounds

 

The chemical compounds of living things are known as organic compounds because of their association with organisms and because they are carbon-containing compounds. Organic compounds, which are the compounds associated with life processes, are the subject matter of organic chemistry. Among the numerous types of organic compounds, four major categories are found in all living things: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

 

 

 

 

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.


 


 


 


CARBOHYDRATES

Almost all organisms use carbohydrates as sources of energy. In addition, some carbohydrates serve as structural materials. Carbohydrates are Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and Oxygen; the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen and carbon atoms is 2:1.

Simple carbohydrates commonly referred to as sugars, can be monosaccharides if they are composed of single molecules, or disaccharides if they are composed of two molecules. The most important monosaccharide is glucose, a carbohydrate with the molecular formula C6H12O6. Glucose is the basic form of fuel in living things. In multicellular organisms, it is soluble and is transported by body fluids to all cells, where it is metabolized to release its energy. Glucose is the starting material for cellular Respiration, and it is the main product of Photosynthesis 

Three important disaccharides are also found in living things: maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Maltose is a combination of two glucose units covalently linked. The table sugar sucrose is formed by linking glucose to another monosaccharide called fructose.  Lactose is composed of glucose and galactose units.

Complex carbohydrates are known as polysaccharides.Polysaccharides are formed by linking innumerable monosaccharides. Among the most important polysaccharides is starch, which is composed of hundreds or thousands of glucose units linked to one another. Starch serves as a storage form for carbohydrates. Much of the world’s human Population satisfies its energy needs with starch in the form of rice, wheat, corn, and potatoes.

Two other important polysaccharides are glycogen and cellulose. Glycogen is also composed of thousands of glucose units, but the units are bonded in a different pattern than in starch. Glycogen is the form in which glucose is stored in the human liver. Cellulose is used primarily as a structural carbohydrate. It is also composed of glucose units, but the units cannot be released from one another except by a few species of organisms. Wood is composed chiefly of cellulose, as are plant cell walls. Cotton fabric and paper are commercial cellulose products.


 


 


LIPIDS

Lipids are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is much higher in lipids than in carbohydrates. Lipids include Steroids (the material of which many HORMONES are composed), waxes, and fats.

The fatty acids in a fat may all be alike or they may all be different. They are bound to the glycerol molecule by a process that involves the removal of water.

Certain fatty acids have one or more double Bonds in their molecules. Fats that include these molecules are unsaturated fats. Other fatty acids have no double bonds. Fats that include these fatty acids are saturated fats. In most human Health situations, the consumption of unsaturated fats is preferred to the consumption of saturated fats.

Fats stored in cells usually form clear oil droplets called globulesbecause fats do not dissolve in water. Plants often store fats in their seeds, and animals store fats in large, clear globules in the cells of adipose tissue. The fats in adipose tissue contain much concentrated energy. Hence, they serve as a reserve energy supply to the organism. The enzyme lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the human Digestive System.


 


PROTEINS

Proteins, among the most complex of all organic compounds, are composed of amino acids, which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Certain amino acids also have sulfur atoms, phosphorus, or other trace Elements such as iron or copper.

Many proteins are immense and extremely complex. However, all proteins are composed of long chains of relatively simple amino acids. There are 20 kinds of amino acids.

Examples of amino acids are alanine, valine, glutamic acid, tryptophan, tyrosine, and histidine.

The removal of water molecules links amino acids to form a protein. The process is called dehydration synthesis, and a by-product of the synthesis is water. The links forged between the amino acids are peptide bonds, and small proteins are often called peptides.

All living things depend on proteins for their existence. Proteins are the major molecules from which living things are constructed. Certain proteins are dissolved or suspended in the watery substance of the cells, while others are incorporated into various structures of the cells. Proteins are also found as supporting and strengthening materials in Tissues outside of cells. Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments are all composed of proteins.

One essential function of proteins is as an enzyme. ENZYMES catalyze the chemical reactions that take place within cells. They are not used up in a reaction; rather, they remain available to catalyze succeeding reactions.


 


NUCLEIC ACIDS

Like proteins, nucleic acids are very large molecules. The nucleic acids are composed of smaller units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing molecule that, because of its properties, is a nitrogenous base.

Living organisms have two important nucleic acids. One type is deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. The other is ribonucleic acid, or RNA.DNA is found primarily in the nucleus of the cell, while RNA is found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, a semiliquid substance that composes the volume of the cell.

DNA and RNA differ from one another in their components. DNA contains the carbohydrate deoxyribose, while RNA has ribose. In addition, DNA contains the base thymine, while RNA has uracil. 

 

 


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Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon. They are the basis of all living things, and they are also found in many non-living things, such as petroleum and coal. Organic compounds are incredibly diverse, and they play a vital role in our world.

Hydrocarbons are the simplest type of organic compound. They are made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbons can be divided into two main groups: aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are made up of straight or branched chains of carbon atoms. Aromatic hydrocarbons are made up of rings of carbon atoms.

Alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. Alcohols are found in many different forms, including ethanol (the alcohol in alcoholic beverages), methanol (wood alcohol), and isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol).

Ethers are organic compounds that contain an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms. Ethers are often used as solvents, and they are also found in some perfumes and other fragrances.

Aldehydes are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to a hydrogen atom. Aldehydes have a characteristic “fruity” smell, and they are found in many fruits and vegetables.

Ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to two carbon atoms. Ketones have a characteristic “sweet” smell, and they are found in many fruits and vegetables.

Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain a carboxylic acid group (COOH). Carboxylic acids have a characteristic sour taste, and they are found in many fruits and vegetables.

Esters are organic compounds that are formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol. Esters have a characteristic sweet smell, and they are found in many fruits and vegetables.

Amides are organic compounds that are formed when an amine reacts with a carboxylic acid. Amides have a characteristic “pleasant” smell, and they are found in many proteins.

Amines are organic compounds that contain nitrogen atoms. Amines have a characteristic “fishy” smell, and they are found in many proteins.

Carbohydrates are organic compounds that are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates are the main Source Of Energy for living things.

Lipids are organic compounds that are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Lipids are found in cell membranes, and they are also a source of energy for living things.

Proteins are organic compounds that are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms. Proteins are essential for life, and they are found in all living things.

Nucleic acids are organic compounds that are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms. Nucleic acids are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information.

Organic compounds are incredibly diverse, and they play a vital role in our world. They are the basis of all living things, and they are also found in many non-living things, such as petroleum and coal. Organic compounds are essential for life, and they are also used in many different industries.

1. What are organic compounds?

Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon. They are found in all living things, and they also make up a large part of the non-living world. Organic compounds are essential for life, and they are also used in many products that we use every day.

2. What are some examples of organic compounds?

Some examples of organic compounds include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and VITAMINS. Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy. Proteins are essential for building and repairing tissues. Lipids are used for energy storage and insulation. Nucleic acids are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information. Vitamins are essential for many bodily functions.

3. What are the properties of organic compounds?

Organic compounds are typically non-polar and have low melting and boiling points. They are also flammable and soluble in organic solvents.

4. What are the uses of organic compounds?

Organic compounds are used in a wide variety of products, including food, clothing, fuel, medicine, and plastics. They are also used in many industrial processes.

5. What are the benefits of organic compounds?

Organic compounds are essential for life. They are also used in many products that make our lives easier and more comfortable.

6. What are the risks of organic compounds?

Some organic compounds can be harmful to human health. They can cause cancer, birth defects, and other health problems.

7. How can we protect ourselves from the risks of organic compounds?

We can protect ourselves from the risks of organic compounds by avoiding exposure to them. We can also choose products that are made with organic compounds that are less harmful to human health.

8. What is the future of organic compounds?

The future of organic compounds is bright. They are essential for life, and they are also used in many products that make our lives easier and more comfortable. As we continue to learn more about organic compounds, we will find new ways to use them to improve our lives.

  1. Which of the following is not an organic compound?
    (A) Water
    (B) Glucose
    (C) Carbon dioxide
    (D) Ethanol

  2. Which of the following is the chemical formula for glucose?
    (A) C6H12O6
    (B) C12H22O11
    (C) C2H5OH
    (D) CH4

  3. Which of the following is the chemical formula for ethanol?
    (A) C6H12O6
    (B) C12H22O11
    (C) C2H5OH
    (D) CH4

  4. Which of the following is the chemical formula for methane?
    (A) C6H12O6
    (B) C12H22O11
    (C) C2H5OH
    (D) CH4

  5. Which of the following is an example of a saturated hydrocarbon?
    (A) Ethane
    (B) Propane
    (C) Butane
    (D) Pentane

  6. Which of the following is an example of an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
    (A) Ethylene
    (B) Propylene
    (C) Butylene
    (D) Pentene

  7. Which of the following is an example of an alkane?
    (A) Ethane
    (B) Propane
    (C) Butane
    (D) Pentane

  8. Which of the following is an example of an alkene?
    (A) Ethylene
    (B) Propylene
    (C) Butylene
    (D) Pentene

  9. Which of the following is an example of an alkyne?
    (A) Ethyne
    (B) Propyne
    (C) Butyne
    (D) Pentyne

  10. Which of the following is an example of an aromatic hydrocarbon?
    (A) Benzene
    (B) Toluene
    (C) Xylene
    (D) Naphthalene

  11. Which of the following is the chemical formula for benzene?
    (A) C6H6
    (B) C7H8
    (C) C8H10
    (D) C9H12

  12. Which of the following is the chemical formula for toluene?
    (A) C6H6
    (B) C7H8
    (C) C8H10
    (D) C9H12

  13. Which of the following is the chemical formula for xylene?
    (A) C6H6
    (B) C7H8
    (C) C8H10
    (D) C9H12

  14. Which of the following is the chemical formula for naphthalene?
    (A) C10H8
    (B) C11H10
    (C) C12H12
    (D) C13H14

  15. Which of the following is an example of an alcohol?
    (A) Ethanol
    (B) Propanol
    (C) Butanol
    (D) Pentanol

  16. Which of the following is an example of an ether?
    (A) Diethyl ether
    (B) Dipropyl ether
    (C) Dibutyl ether
    (D) Dipentyl ether

  17. Which of the following is an example of an aldehyde?
    (A) Acetaldehyde
    (B) Propanal
    (C) Butanal
    (D) Pentanal

  18. Which of the following is an example of a ketone?
    (A) Acetone
    (B) Propanone
    (C) Butanone
    (D) Pentanone

  19. Which of the following is an example of an acid?
    (A) Acetic acid
    (B) Propionic acid
    (C) Butyric acid
    (D) Valeric acid

  20. Which of the following is an example of an ester?
    (A) Ethyl acetate
    (B) Propyl acetate
    (C) Butyl acetate
    (D) Pentyl acetate

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