<–2/”>a >Seed is the true carrier of technology. In India, three sets of institutions produce seeds:research institutions and agricultural universities; public sector seed producing corporations; andprivate sector firms including multinationals. The last decade has seen two main developmentsin seed market. One, production of quality seed has risen at a rapid rate after 2005-06. And two,public sector has begun to effectively compete with the private sector.
Beginning with 2001-02, there has been a distinct change in the role of public sector inthe development of hybrid in all crops.While these changes have led to better availability of quality seed, seed replacement rate(Percentage of area sown using certified quality seeds other than the farm saved seeds from theprevious crop) remains low in the country. On Average, it is below 20 per cent in pulses and
below 30 per cent in paddy and wheat. Even now many farmers do not distinguish betweencommon grain and seed and use common grain as seed.3 Recent data on breeder seed productionindicated a drastic reduction of about 40% compared 2010-11. This is likely to impact thecertified seed availability in coming years. Another serious factor responsible for low use ofquality seed is sale of spurious seed in the market. In order to raise productivity there is a need tosupply and promote use of quality seed and also assure quality.
Some important initiatives have been taken under the recently amended New Policy onSeed Development. The policy permits 100 per cent Investment/”>Foreign Direct Investment under theautomatic route and simplifies the procedure for inclusion of new varieties in the Organisationfor Economic Cooperation and Development Seeds Scheme. The thrust is also on creating a seedbank. Since 2013-14, a Seed Rolling Plan has been in place for all the States for identification ofgood seed varieties and agencies responsible for production of seeds.
Several steps need to be taken to improve the quality of seeds used by farmers:
Sometimes prices of good quality seeds, especially hybrids, are high and farmersare unable to afford them. Creating community Seed Banks in producing areascan reduce dependence on market for seeds. The seed banks not only protect theexisting crop varieties but also ensure supply of seeds to the farmer to meetcontingency.
Proper storage of seeds is essential to get satisfactory germination. This factorassumes particular significance in the eastern region due to humid climaticconditions. Adequate-quality storage Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE according to agro-climateconditions and specific seeds to be stored, needs to be created to save the seedsfrom damage.
Huge demand supply gap exists in forage seed. The seed companies are notcoming forward for production of forage seeds. This is a major cause of concernfor development of Dairy sector in the country. The seed companies and StateAgricultural Universities have to take-up forage seed production on a prioritybasis. In parallel, the dairy cooperatives should be encouraged to grow forage seeds.
Regulatory measures for quality seed production have to be tightened so as todiscourage the sales of spurious seeds to farmers. The seed companies should bemade responsible for poor performance of seed supplied by them. The details ofseed traits should be displayed on seed packages and agency website. The seed companies should provide adequate compensation package for farmers in case ofgeneral failure of their seeds. Our research institutions must develop rapid testingkits for seed hybridity to allow quick seed testing, thus, enabling the detection ofspurious seeds at the time of sale.
seed certification
In general, seed certification is a process designed to maintain and make available to the general public continuous supply of high quality seeds and propagating materials of notified kinds and varieties of crops, so grown and distributed to ensure the physical identity and genetic purity. Seed certification is a legally sanctioned system for quality control of seed multiplication and production.
The main objective of the Seed Certification is to ensure the acceptable standards of seed viability, vigour, purity and seed Health. A well organized seed certification should help in accomplishing the following three primary objectives.
- The systematic increase of superior varieties;
- The identification of new varieties and their rapid increase under appropriate and generally accepted names.
- Provision for continuous supply of comparable material by careful maintenance
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Hybrid seed production is a complex and specialized process that requires a deep understanding of plant genetics and breeding. In order to produce hybrid seeds, two parents with complementary traits are crossed. The resulting offspring, or F1 hybrid, inherits the best traits from both parents and is often much more vigorous and productive than either parent.
Hybrid seed research and development is a continuous process, as breeders are constantly looking for new ways to improve the performance of hybrid crops. This research is essential to ensure that farmers have access to the latest and best hybrid seeds.
Hybrid seed technology has advanced significantly in recent years, thanks to advances in Genetic engineering and other technologies. These advances have made it possible to produce hybrid seeds that are even more vigorous and productive than ever before.
Hybrid seed breeding is a complex and challenging process that requires a deep understanding of plant genetics and breeding principles. Breeders must carefully select parents with the desired traits and then cross them to produce hybrid seeds. The resulting offspring, or F1 hybrid, must then be evaluated for its performance in a variety of environments.
Hybrid seed production methods vary depending on the crop and the breeding objectives. However, all hybrid seed production methods involve the crossing of two parents with complementary traits. The resulting offspring, or F1 hybrid, is then harvested and processed to produce hybrid seed.
Hybrid seed quality control is essential to ensure that hybrid seeds meet the high standards required by farmers. Quality control procedures typically include testing for germination rate, purity, and other factors.
Hybrid seed Marketing is a complex and challenging process that requires a deep understanding of the agricultural market. Marketers must carefully target their products to the right farmers and then develop effective marketing strategies.
Hybrid seed economics is a complex and specialized field that studies the economic factors that affect the production and sale of hybrid seeds. Economic factors such as the cost of production, the price of hybrid seeds, and the demand for hybrid seeds all play a role in the economics of hybrid seed production.
Hybrid seed regulations vary from country to country. In some countries, there are no regulations governing the production or sale of hybrid seeds. In other countries, there are strict regulations that must be followed in order to produce and sell hybrid seeds.
Hybrid seed patents are a type of intellectual property that protects the rights of the breeder who developed the hybrid seed. Patents typically give the breeder the exclusive right to produce and sell the hybrid seed for a certain period of time.
Hybrid seed Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are a broad term that refers to the legal rights that protect the intellectual property of the breeder who developed the hybrid seed. IPR can include patents, trademarks, and copyrights.
Hybrid seed trade is a global Industry that involves the sale and purchase of hybrid seeds. The global hybrid seed market is worth billions of dollars and is expected to continue to grow in the coming years.
Hybrid seed sustainability is a complex issue that involves the environmental, social, and economic impacts of hybrid seed production and use. Some of the potential environmental impacts of hybrid seed production include the use of pesticides and herbicides, the loss of Biodiversity-2/”>Biodiversity, and the impact on water Resources. Some of the potential social impacts of hybrid seed production include the impact on rural communities, the impact on Food Security, and the impact on farmers’ livelihoods. Some of the potential economic impacts of hybrid seed production include the impact on the agricultural sector, the impact on the seed industry, and the impact on the global economy.
Hybrid seed future trends are difficult to predict, as the industry is constantly evolving. However, some of the potential future trends in hybrid seed production include the development of new hybrid seed technologies, the expansion of the global hybrid seed market, and the increasing focus on sustainability.
What is hybrid seed production?
Hybrid seed production is the process of crossing two different varieties of the same plant species to create a new variety with desirable traits. The new variety is called a hybrid, and it is typically more vigorous and productive than the parent varieties.
How is hybrid seed production done?
Hybrid seed production is a complex process that requires careful planning and execution. The first step is to select the parent varieties that will be used to create the hybrid. The parent varieties must be compatible with each other, and they must have the desired traits that you want to see in the hybrid.
Once the parent varieties have been selected, the next step is to cross them. This can be done by hand or by using a machine. After the cross has been made, the seeds must be harvested and stored properly.
The final step is to plant the hybrid seeds and grow the new variety. The hybrid variety will typically be more vigorous and productive than the parent varieties.
What are the benefits of hybrid seed production?
There are several benefits to hybrid seed production. First, hybrid varieties are typically more vigorous and productive than the parent varieties. This means that they can produce more crops, which can lead to increased profits.
Second, hybrid varieties are often resistant to pests and diseases. This can help to reduce the amount of Money that farmers spend on pesticides and fungicides.
Third, hybrid varieties can often be grown in a wider range of climates than the parent varieties. This can help farmers to expand their operations and grow more crops.
What are the challenges of hybrid seed production?
There are a few challenges associated with hybrid seed production. First, it can be expensive to produce hybrid seeds. This is because the parent varieties must be carefully selected and crossed, and the seeds must be harvested and stored properly.
Second, hybrid varieties are not always as stable as the parent varieties. This means that they may not produce the same results every year.
Third, hybrid varieties may not be as resistant to pests and diseases as the parent varieties. This means that farmers may need to use more pesticides and fungicides to protect their crops.
What is the future of hybrid seed production?
The future of hybrid seed production is bright. The demand for hybrid seeds is expected to grow in the coming years, as farmers look for ways to increase their yields and profits. Hybrid seed production is also becoming more efficient, as new technologies are developed.
What are some of the latest developments in hybrid seed production?
There have been a number of recent developments in hybrid seed production. One development is the use of marker-assisted selection (MAS). MAS is a technique that allows breeders to select for desirable traits in Plants without having to grow them out. This can save time and money, and it can also help to improve the accuracy of selection.
Another development is the use of genome editing. Genome editing is a technique that allows scientists to make precise changes to the DNA of plants. This can be used to create new varieties of plants with desirable traits, such as resistance to pests and diseases.
What are some of the ethical issues surrounding hybrid seed production?
There are a number of ethical issues surrounding hybrid seed production. One issue is the issue of intellectual property rights. Hybrid seeds are often patented, which means that farmers must pay a fee to the seed company in order to grow them. This can be a burden for small farmers, and it can also lead to higher prices for food.
Another issue is the issue of Genetic diversity. Hybrid seeds are often bred from a narrow range of parent varieties. This can lead to a loss of genetic diversity, which can make plants more vulnerable to pests and diseases.
What are some of the environmental impacts of hybrid seed production?
The environmental impacts of hybrid seed production are complex and vary depending on the specific practices used. Some potential impacts include:
- Increased use of pesticides and herbicides, as hybrid varieties may be less resistant to pests and diseases.
- Increased Soil erosion, as hybrid varieties may be less tolerant of drought and other stresses.
- Loss of biodiversity, as hybrid varieties may outcompete native plants.
It is important to weigh the potential benefits and risks of hybrid seed production before making a decision about whether or not to use them.
Question 1
Which of the following is not a type of hybrid seed?
(A) F1 hybrid seed
(B) F2 hybrid seed
(C) F3 hybrid seed
(D) F4 hybrid seed
Answer
(D)
Explanation
F1 hybrid seeds are the first generation of seeds produced by crossing two genetically different parents. F2 hybrid seeds are the second generation of seeds produced by crossing two F1 hybrid plants. F3 hybrid seeds are the third generation of seeds produced by crossing two F2 hybrid plants. F4 hybrid seeds are the fourth generation of seeds produced by crossing two F3 hybrid plants. F4 hybrid seeds are not as vigorous as F1 hybrid seeds and are not typically used in commercial agriculture.
Question 2
Which of the following is not a benefit of using hybrid seeds?
(A) Increased yield
(B) Improved disease resistance
(C) Increased uniformity
(D) Increased cost
Answer
(D)
Explanation
Hybrid seeds offer a number of benefits over open-pollinated seeds, including increased yield, improved disease resistance, and increased uniformity. However, hybrid seeds can be more expensive than open-pollinated seeds.
Question 3
Which of the following is not a challenge of using hybrid seeds?
(A) They are not as vigorous as open-pollinated seeds.
(B) They are more expensive than open-pollinated seeds.
(C) They must be replanted each year.
(D) They are not as adaptable to different environments.
Answer
(D)
Explanation
Hybrid seeds are often more vigorous and adaptable to different environments than open-pollinated seeds. However, they are not as vigorous as open-pollinated seeds in the first generation. They must also be replanted each year, as they do not produce viable seed.
Question 4
Which of the following is not a way to produce hybrid seeds?
(A) Cross-pollination
(B) Self-pollination
(C) Somatic hybridization
(D) Apomixis
Answer
(B)
Explanation
Hybrid seeds are produced by crossing two genetically different parents. This can be done through cross-pollination, somatic hybridization, or apomixis. Self-pollination is not a way to produce hybrid seeds, as it results in the production of seeds that are genetically identical to the parent plant.
Question 5
Which of the following is not a use of hybrid seeds?
(A) Commercial agriculture
(B) Home gardening
(C) Research
(D) Conservation
Answer
(D)
Explanation
Hybrid seeds are used in a variety of applications, including commercial agriculture, home gardening, and research. However, they are not typically used in conservation, as they are not as adaptable to different environments as open-pollinated seeds.