–2/”>a >a href=”https://exam.pscnotes.com/health/”>Health indicators are quantifiable characteristics of a Population which researchers use as supporting evidence for describing the health of a population. Central Government is limited to family welfare and disease control programs, the state governments are responsible for primary and secondary medical care with a limited role in specialty care.
Vital Health Indicators for India are:-
| Life expectancy at birth m/f (years, 2015) | 67/70 |
| Probability of dying under five (per 1 000 live births, 0) | not available |
| Probability of dying between 15 and 60 years m/f (per 1 000 population, 2015) | 216/142 |
| Total expenditure on health per capita (In $, 2014) | 267 |
| Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (2014) | 4.7 |
- Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) (per 100000 live births) for India is 167 in 2017 (Niti Ayog), while for Uttarakhand its 285.
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) (per 1000 live births) for India is 40 in 2013 (Niti Ayog).
- Under 5 Mortality Rate (U5MR)(per 1000 live births) for India is 29 in 2015 (Niti Ayog).
- Institutional Deliveries (as a % of total deliveries) for India is 78.9 , while for Uttarakhand Its 68.6
- Immunisation (% of Children Fully Immunised – Ages 12-23 months) for India is 62 , while for Uttarakhand Its 57.7
- Health Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE of States for India is 1,53,655-Sub Centre, 25,308-PHCs and 5,396- CHCs , while for Uttarakhand Its 1,848-Sub Centre, 257-PHCs and 59- CHCs
Structure of the government healthcare service:
- Primary Care (in rural areas): 22,271 primary healthcare centers and 137,271 sub-centers.
- Secondary Care (healthcare centers in smaller towns and cities): 1,200 PSU (public sector units) hospitals, 4,400 district hospitals, and 2,935 community healthcare centers.
- Tertiary Care (hospitals): 117 medical colleges and hospitals.
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Health indicators are measurements that can be used to track the health of a population. They can be used to identify areas where there are problems, to monitor progress over time, and to compare the health of different populations.
There are many different health indicators, but some of the most important include:
- Access to health care: This refers to the ability of people to get the health care they need when they need it. It is measured by factors such as the number of people with health insurance, the number of doctors per capita, and the cost of health care.
- Adolescent health: This refers to the health of young people aged 10 to 19. It is measured by factors such as the rates of teen pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and substance abuse.
- Aging and health: This refers to the health of older adults. It is measured by factors such as the rates of chronic diseases, disability, and death.
- Birth outcomes: This refers to the health of babies and mothers at the time of birth. It is measured by factors such as the rates of low birth weight, preterm birth, and infant mortality.
- Chronic diseases: This refers to long-term health conditions such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer. It is measured by the prevalence of these conditions in the population.
- Disability: This refers to a limitation in a person’s ability to perform everyday activities. It is measured by the number of people with disabilities and the severity of their disabilities.
- Environmental health: This refers to the health of people and the Environment. It is measured by factors such as Air Pollution, Water Pollution, and exposure to hazardous chemicals.
- Health care costs: This refers to the amount of Money spent on health care. It is measured by the Percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP) that is spent on health care.
- Health disparities: This refers to differences in health status between different groups of people. It is measured by factors such as the rates of chronic diseases, disability, and death among different racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups.
- Health Literacy: This refers to the ability of people to understand and use health information. It is measured by the ability of people to read and understand health information, to make informed health decisions, and to manage their own health.
- Health promotion: This refers to activities that are designed to improve the health of a population. It includes activities such as Education about healthy lifestyles, vaccination programs, and screening for early detection of diseases.
- Mental health: This refers to the emotional, psychological, and social well-being of individuals. It is measured by factors such as the rates of depression, anxiety, and substance abuse.
- Nutrition: This refers to the intake of nutrients that are essential for good health. It is measured by the intake of calories, protein, Carbohydrates, fat, VITAMINS, and Minerals.
- Physical activity: This refers to the amount of exercise that people get. It is measured by the number of minutes of moderate-intensity or vigorous-intensity physical activity that people get each week.
- Population health: This refers to the health of a population as a whole. It is measured by factors such as the overall health status of the population, the distribution of health status among different groups in the population, and the trends in health status over time.
- Reproductive health: This refers to the health of Women and their Reproductive Systems. It is measured by factors such as the rates of unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and maternal mortality.
- Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): This refers to infections that are spread through sexual contact. It is measured by the rates of STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and HIV/AIDS.
- Substance abuse: This refers to the use of drugs or alcohol in a way that causes harm to the user or others. It is measured by the rates of drug and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence.
- Violence and injury: This refers to harm that is caused to people by other people or by accidents. It is measured by the rates of homicide, suicide, and unintentional injuries such as car accidents and falls.
Health indicators are important because they can be used to track the health of a population and to identify areas where there are problems. They can also be used to monitor progress over time and to compare the health of different populations. By understanding health indicators, we can work to improve the health of everyone in our community.
What is the difference between a health indicator and a health outcome?
A health indicator is a measure of the health of a population or group of people. A health outcome is the result of health care or other factors that affect health.
What are some examples of health indicators?
Some examples of health indicators include:
- Life expectancy
- Infant mortality rate
- Crude death rate
- Suicide rate
- Obesity rate
- Heart disease rate
- Cancer rate
What are some examples of health outcomes?
Some examples of health outcomes include:
- Death
- Disability
- Disease
- Injury
- Mental illness
- Social isolation
What are the benefits of using health indicators?
Health indicators can be used to:
- Monitor the health of a population or group of people
- Identify areas where there are health problems
- Track progress in improving health
- Evaluate the effectiveness of health programs
- Make decisions about resource allocation
What are the limitations of using health indicators?
Health indicators can be limited by:
- The availability of data
- The quality of data
- The interpretation of data
- The use of data
What are some ethical considerations in using health indicators?
Some ethical considerations in using health indicators include:
- The Right to Privacy
- The right to confidentiality
- The right to informed Consent
- The right to non-discrimination
- The right to benefit from research
What are some future directions for health indicators?
Some future directions for health indicators include:
- Developing new indicators
- Improving the quality of data
- Expanding the use of data
- Addressing ethical concerns
- Promoting the use of data to improve health
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Which of the following is not a health indicator?
(A) Life expectancy
(B) Infant mortality rate
(C) Number of hospital beds per capita
(D) Number of doctors per capita -
Which of the following is the most common cause of death in the world?
(A) Heart disease
(B) Cancer
(C) Stroke
(D) Respiratory infections -
Which of the following is the leading cause of death for people aged 15-24 years old?
(A) Road traffic accidents
(B) Homicide
(C) Suicide
(D) HIV/AIDS -
Which of the following is the leading cause of death for people aged 25-64 years old?
(A) Heart disease
(B) Cancer
(C) Stroke
(D) Respiratory infections -
Which of the following is the leading cause of death for people aged 65 years and older?
(A) Heart disease
(B) Cancer
(C) Stroke
(D) Alzheimer’s disease -
Which of the following is the most common chronic disease in the world?
(A) Heart disease
(B) Cancer
(C) Stroke
(D) Diabetes -
Which of the following is the most common infectious disease in the world?
(A) HIV/AIDS
(B) Malaria
(C) Tuberculosis
(D) Diarrheal diseases -
Which of the following is the leading cause of death from infectious diseases in the world?
(A) HIV/AIDS
(B) Malaria
(C) Tuberculosis
(D) Diarrheal diseases -
Which of the following is the leading cause of death from non-communicable diseases in the world?
(A) Heart disease
(B) Cancer
(C) Stroke
(D) Diabetes -
Which of the following is the leading cause of death from injuries in the world?
(A) Road traffic accidents
(B) Homicide
(C) Suicide
(D) Falls