a)JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE-
JBM: On Baisakhi day, a large, crowd of people mostly from neighboring villages, unaware ofthe prohibitory orders in the city, had gathered in this small park to protest against the
arrest of their leaders, SaifuddinKitchlew and Satyapal.The Army surrounded the gathering under orders from General Dyer and blocked theonly exit point and opened fire on the unarmed crowd killing around1000. The incidentwas followed by uncivilized brutalities on the inhabitants of Amritsar.
b)Nagpur session of INC in 1920
Nagpur session: Session of INC in 1920 where the Non cooperation movement got the sanction and approval of INC. The Congress decided to have the attainment of swaraj through peaceful and legitimatemeans as its goal.
c) Khilafat movement: The Khilafat movement (1919–22) was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaignlaunched by Muslims of India to influence the British government not to abolish the Ottoman Caliphate.The movement collapsed by late 1922 when Turkey gained a more favourablediplomatic position and moved toward Secularism-2/”>Secularism. By 1924 Turkey simply abolished theroles of the Sultan and Caliph.
d)Lahore conspiracy case: Bhagat singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were sentenced to death in the murder case of Saunders, the police official who was responsible for lathi charge on Lala Lajpat rai.
,
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre was a massacre that took place on April 13, 1919, in the Jallianwala Bagh garden in Amritsar, Punjab, British India (now India). British Indian Army Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to fire on a crowd of unarmed Indian civilians who had gathered in the garden to protest against the arrest of two local leaders, Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew. The shooting lasted for ten minutes, and an estimated 379 people were killed and over 1,200 were injured.
The massacre was a major turning point in the Indian independence movement. It led to widespread anger and resentment against British rule, and it helped to galvanize support for the Indian National Congress (INC). The INC was a political party that had been founded in 1885 to represent the interests of Indian people. The party had been growing in popularity in the years leading up to the massacre, and the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre helped to accelerate its Growth.
In 1920, the INC held its annual session in Nagpur. At this session, the party adopted a new constitution that called for swaraj, or self-rule, for India. The Nagpur session also marked the beginning of the Non-Cooperation Movement, a mass movement of civil disobedience against British rule. The Non-Cooperation Movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi, and it was one of the most successful campaigns in the history of the Indian independence movement.
The Khilafat movement was a pan-Islamic movement that was launched in 1919 in support of the Ottoman Caliphate, which had been dissolved by the victorious Allied powers after World War I. The movement was led by Indian Muslim leaders such as Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Shaukat Ali. The Khilafat movement was closely linked to the Non-Cooperation Movement, and the two movements often worked together.
The Lahore conspiracy case was a criminal case that was brought against 35 Indian nationalists in 1929. The case was based on the allegation that the nationalists had conspired to overthrow the British government in India. The trial lasted for two years, and the nationalists were eventually acquitted of all charges. The Lahore conspiracy case was a major victory for the Indian independence movement, and it helped to boost the morale of the nationalists.
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, the Nagpur session of the INC in 1920, the Khilafat movement, and the Lahore conspiracy case were all major events in the history of the Indian independence movement. These events helped to shape the course of the movement, and they had a profound impact on the lives of millions of Indians.
a) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a massacre of Indian civilians by British Indian Army soldiers in the Jallianwala Bagh garden in Amritsar, Punjab, British India (now in India) on the orders of Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer on 13 April 1919. The British government had imposed martial law in Punjab after a series of violent protests against the arrest of two nationalist leaders, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew. On the day of the massacre, a crowd of unarmed Indian men, Women, and children had gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh to celebrate the spring festival of Baisakhi and to protest against the British government. Dyer ordered his soldiers to fire on the crowd without warning, killing at least 379 people and injuring over 1,200. The massacre was widely condemned in India and around the world, and it led to a decline in British support for the Raj.
b) Nagpur session of INC in 1920
The Nagpur session of the Indian National Congress was held in Nagpur, India, from 26 to 31 December 1920. The session was presided over by Lala Lajpat Rai. The main resolution of the session was the Non-Cooperation Movement, which was launched by Mahatma Gandhi. The Non-Cooperation Movement was a mass movement that aimed to achieve swaraj, or self-rule, for India. The movement was based on the principle of non-violence and non-cooperation with the British government. The Non-Cooperation Movement was a major turning point in the Indian independence struggle. It was the first time that a mass movement had been launched against the British government. The movement was also successful in uniting the Indian people against British rule.
c) Khilafat movement
The Khilafat movement was a pan-Islamic movement that was launched in India in 1919. The movement was led by Mahatma Gandhi and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. The main aim of the movement was to restore the caliphate, which was the religious and political authority of the Islamic world. The caliphate had been abolished by the Turkish government in 1924. The Khilafat movement was a major factor in the Indian independence struggle. It was the first time that Hindus and Muslims had united against British rule. The movement also helped to popularize the idea of non-violence and non-cooperation.
d) Lahore conspiracy case
The Lahore conspiracy case was a trial of Indian nationalists who were accused of planning to overthrow the British government in India. The trial was held in Lahore, India, from 1929 to 1930. The main accused in the case were Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, and Rajguru. The three men were convicted and executed in 1931. The Lahore conspiracy case was a major turning point in the Indian independence struggle. It was the first time that the British government had executed Indian nationalists for their political activities. The case also helped to popularize the idea of armed struggle against British rule.
-
The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a massacre of Indian civilians by British Indian Army soldiers in the Jallianwala Bagh garden in Amritsar, Punjab, British India on 13 April 1919. It was ordered by Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer during the Amritsar unrest, when a crowd had assembled in protest against the arrest of two local leaders, Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew. Dyer ordered his troops to fire on the crowd without warning, without provocation and without any orders from his superiors. The shooting lasted for ten minutes, during which time Dyer’s soldiers fired approximately 1,650 rounds of ammunition into the crowd, killing at least 379 people and injuring over 1,200 others.
-
The Nagpur session of the Indian National Congress was held in December 1920. The session was presided over by Mahatma Gandhi, who was elected president of the Congress for the first time. The session was significant for a number of reasons. First, it marked the beginning of Gandhi’s Leadership of the Congress. Second, it adopted the Non-Cooperation Movement as the Congress’s main strategy for achieving independence. Third, it led to the formation of the Swaraj Party, a breakaway group from the Congress that advocated for more radical methods of achieving independence.
-
The Khilafat movement was a pan-Islamic movement that was launched in India in 1919 in support of the Ottoman Caliphate, which had been abolished by the victorious Allied powers after World War I. The movement was led by Indian Muslim leaders such as Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Shaukat Ali. The Khilafat movement was initially successful in mobilizing Indian Muslims, but it lost momentum after the British government agreed to make some concessions to the movement.
-
The Lahore conspiracy case was a trial that was held in Lahore, British India, in 1929. The case was against a group of Indian nationalists who were accused of planning to overthrow the British government. The trial was widely seen as a political trial, and the defendants were eventually acquitted. The Lahore conspiracy case was a significant event in the history of the Indian independence movement.
-
The following are some of the consequences of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre:
-
The massacre led to widespread anger and resentment among Indians.
- It also led to a decline in support for the British Raj.
- The massacre was a major turning point in the Indian independence movement.
- It helped to galvanize support for the Non-Cooperation Movement.
-
The massacre also had a significant impact on Mahatma Gandhi, who was deeply affected by the violence.
-
The following are some of the reasons why the Nagpur session of the Indian National Congress was significant:
-
It marked the beginning of Gandhi’s leadership of the Congress.
- It adopted the Non-Cooperation Movement as the Congress’s main strategy for achieving independence.
-
It led to the formation of the Swaraj Party, a breakaway group from the Congress that advocated for more radical methods of achieving independence.
-
The following are some of the reasons why the Khilafat movement was significant:
-
It was a pan-Islamic movement that mobilized Indian Muslims.
- It was initially successful in achieving some of its goals.
- It helped to galvanize support for the Indian independence movement.
-
It had a significant impact on the development of Indian nationalism.
-
The following are some of the reasons why the Lahore conspiracy case was significant:
-
It was a political trial that was widely seen as an attack on Indian nationalism.
- The trial helped to galvanize support for the Indian independence movement.
- It led to the development of new strategies for achieving independence.
- The trial had a significant impact on the development of Indian law and politics.