Geological history

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The spatial extent of Jharkhand State is approximately 21° 55’ to 25° 35’ North Latitude and 83° 20’ to 88° 02’ East Longitude. The state is land locked and it Shares its boundary with Orissa on the southeast, Chattisgarh on the southwest, Bihar on the north, West Bengal on the east and Uttar Pradesh on the northwest. It comprises of the Chotanagpur Plateau, which forms a part of Deccan bio-geographic province. It is a hilly undulating plateau characterized by predominantly tropical forests and tribal settlements. The State is endowed with natural Resources that need to be conserved and utilized in a sustainable manner for all-round development of the state in general and the marginalized tribal Population in particular.

The total geographical area of the State is 79.70 lakh hectares, out of which 23.22 lakh hectares (29.33%) are under forests; 5.66 lakh hectares (7.12%) are barren lands; 7.24 lakh hectares (9.10%) are put to non-agricultural use; 0.90 lakh hectares (1.15%) are under pastures & other grazing lands; 3.07 lakh hectares (3.86%) are cultivable wastelands; 0.88 lakh hectares (1.11%) are under miscellaneous trees and groves; 12.04 lakh hectares (15.14%) are current fallows; 8.45 lakh hectares (10.63%) are under other fallows; and 17.95 lakh hectares (22.58%) are the net sown area. The number of electrified villages is 14667 (45.0 per cent of the total villages). 26.0 per cent (8484) per cent of the total villages are connected by roads. The lengths of the National Highways and the State Highways are 1006 and 4662 kms respectively. The state has different relief because of its physiography as it consists of four series of plateaus of having different heights. The highest plateau lies in the west known as Western or Higher Ranchi Plateau or locally known as the Pat region located at 2500 to 3600 feet above sea level covering northern part of the old Ranchi district and the southern edge of the old Palamu district. The term Pat represents a feature similar to a table with steep edges around and a flat top. It is full of dissected hills having a hill station, Netarhat, at the top. The second plateau is known as Ranchi Plateau having a height of 2000 feet composed of gneisses and granites. It is separated by the Damodar trough from the Hazaribagh Plateau. The next plateau is Lower Chotanagpur Plateau consisting mainly of gneisses and granite and partly of schists and other Dharwar rocks.

The other plateaus are the Rajmahal Hills and the Kaimur Plateau. These plateaus are separated by the narrow and steep slopes known as scarps. It is believed that before the Chotanagpur Peneplain was successfully uplifted thrice by the side effect of the three violent Himalayan movements in Tertiary times continued till Pleistocene times resulting in well-known waterfalls like Hundru, Jonha, etc. on the scarps. The first upliftment took place during the Eocene to Oligocene period creating Pat region, the second one during Miocene forming the Ranchi and Hazaribagh Plateau and the third one during Pliocene and Pleistocene period uplifting the outer Chotanagpur Plateau. All plateaus are the parts of the same plain successively uplifted during Tertiary and Pliestocene times. Marvelous eye catching rare geological/geomorphological features like rejuvenated meandering and deep cutting young rivers like Damodar are the uniqueness in the State. It is rate because of combination of senility with the character of young rivers. The state has the luxuriant forests and lush green rolling seasonal meadows. Magnificent undulating hills and valleys are the special attraction. The golden river ‘Swarnarekha’ adds melody in the pristine Environment along the course. A combination of table-top flat lands and the peneplain with dome shaped exfoliating hillocks resembling like inverted Nagara (drum) are spread over the state. Further, the Tors or the balanced diamond shaped rocks are also present wonderful nature of the state. The state is one of the largest producers of the mineral resources of the country spreading over majority of the districts with a paradox to be among the bottom lying states in terms of development. An area of 24.4 lakh hectares (30.61%) is under agricultural wastelands that have to be beneficially utilized for rural development.

Jharkhand is endowed with heterogeneous landscape, huge Natural Resources, dominance of aboriginals habitat and their culture. Heterogeneity is observed in geological formations, physical appearance and patterns of development. Jharkhand the ‘Land of Forests’ is geographically and geologically one of the oldest landmasses, and culturally, one of the oldest regions with vibrant color. This is an integral portion of the Peninsular highland, part of ancient Gondwanaland, portrays areas formed of rock formations ranging from Archeans to Post-tertiary period.,

The geological history of Earth is the history of the planet’s physical development. It is a long and complex story, spanning billions of years and involving the formation of the planet, the evolution of life, and the changing of the Earth’s surface.

The Precambrian is the first eon of the geological time scale, lasting from the formation of Earth 4.543 billion years ago to the beginning of the Cambrian Period 541 million years ago. The Precambrian is subdivided into the Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic eons.

The Hadean Eon is the earliest eon of the Precambrian, lasting from the formation of Earth to about 4 billion years ago. It is a time of great mystery, as there is little evidence left from this period. The Earth was a very hot and violent place during the Hadean Eon, with frequent impacts from asteroids and comets.

The Archean Eon is the second eon of the Precambrian, lasting from about 4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago. During the Archean Eon, the Earth began to cool and solidify. The first continents formed, and the first life began to evolve.

The Proterozoic Eon is the third and final eon of the Precambrian, lasting from about 2.5 billion to 541 million years ago. During the Proterozoic Eon, the Earth continued to cool and solidify. The first Oceans formed, and the first complex life forms began to evolve.

The Paleozoic Era is the second era of the Phanerozoic Eon, lasting from 541 to 252 million years ago. It is the era of the first abundant life forms, including trilobites, armored fish, and early amphibians. The Paleozoic is subdivided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods.

The Cambrian Period is the first period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from 541 to 485.4 million years ago. It is the era of the Cambrian Explosion, when most of the major animal phyla first appeared. The Cambrian Period is also known for its abundant fossils of trilobites, which were a type of marine arthropod.

The Ordovician Period is the second period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from 485.4 to 443.8 million years ago. It is the era of the Ordovician Radiation, when many new groups of animals evolved, including armored fish and early amphibians. The Ordovician Period is also known for its abundant fossils of trilobites and brachiopods, which were a type of marine mollusk.

The Silurian Period is the third period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from 443.8 to 419.2 million years ago. It is the era of the Silurian Diversification, when many new groups of animals evolved, including jawed fish and early land Plants. The Silurian Period is also known for its abundant fossils of trilobites, brachiopods, and graptolites, which were a type of colonial organism.

The Devonian Period is the fourth period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from 419.2 to 359.2 million years ago. It is the era of the Devonian Explosion, when many new groups of animals evolved, including land vertebrates, insects, and early forests. The Devonian Period is also known for its abundant fossils of fish, amphibians, and early reptiles.

The Carboniferous Period is the fifth period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from 359.2 to 299 million years ago. It is the era of the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse, when the Earth’s Climate changed and the vast forests of the Carboniferous Period began to die. The Carboniferous Period is also known for its abundant fossils of coal-forming plants, insects, and early amphibians.

The Permian Period is the sixth and final period of the Paleozoic Era, lasting from 299 to 252 million years ago. It is the era of the Permian Extinction, when most of the Earth’s life was wiped out. The Permian Period is also known for its abundant fossils of reptiles, including the first dinosaurs.

The Mesozoic Era is the middle era of the Phanerozoic Eon, lasting from 252 to 66 million years ago. It is the era of the dinosaurs, which first appeared in the Triassic Period and became the dominant land animals in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. The Mesozoic is subdivided into the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.

The Triassic Period is the first period of the Mesozoic Era, lasting from 252 to 201.3 million years ago. It is the era of the TriassicâJurassic extinction

Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about the following topics:

The universe
What is the universe?
The universe is everything that exists, from the smallest subatomic particles to the largest galaxies. It is expanding at an accelerating rate, and it is thought to have begun with the Big Bang about 13.8 billion years ago.
How old is the universe?
The universe is about 13.8 billion years old. This is based on measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation, which is a faint glow of Light that fills the universe and is left over from the Big Bang.
What is the fate of the universe?
The fate of the universe depends on its density. If the density of the universe is high enough, gravity will eventually cause it to collapse back in on itself in a “Big Crunch.” If the density of the universe is low enough, it will continue to expand forever.
The Solar System
What is The Solar System?
The solar system is the system of planets and other objects that orbit the Sun. It includes the Sun, eight planets, five dwarf planets, and hundreds of thousands of smaller objects.
What are the planets in the solar system?
The planets in the solar system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
What are the dwarf planets in the solar system?
The dwarf planets in the solar system are Pluto, Eris, Makemake, and Haumea.
What are the moons in the solar system?
The solar system has over 200 moons. The largest moons are the four moons of Jupiter: Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa.
The Earth
What is the Earth?
The Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only planet in the solar system known to support life. It is a terrestrial planet, meaning that it is made up of rock and Metal.
What is the Atmosphere of the Earth?
The atmosphere of the Earth is the layer of gases that surrounds the planet. It is made up of nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), and other gases.
What is the surface of the Earth?
The surface of the Earth is made up of land, water, and ice. The land is divided into continents and islands. The water is divided into oceans, seas, and lakes. The ice is found in Glaciers, ice sheets, and snow.
Life on Earth
What is life?
Life is a complex system that is capable of self-replication, Metabolism, and evolution. It is found on Earth in many different forms, including plants, animals, Fungi, and bacteria.
How did life on Earth begin?
The origin of life on Earth is a mystery that scientists are still trying to solve. There are many theories about how life began, but there is no one definitive answer.
What are the different types of life on Earth?
There are many different types of life on Earth, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. Plants are photosynthetic organisms that use sunlight to produce food. Animals are heterotrophic organisms that eat plants or other animals. Fungi are decomposers that break down dead organisms. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can be found in many different environments.
Humans
What are humans?
Humans are a species of primates that are native to Africa. They are the only species on Earth that is known to have developed a complex culture and technology.
What are the characteristics of humans?
Humans are bipedal primates with large brains and opposable thumbs. They are social animals that live in groups. They are also intelligent animals that have developed a complex culture and technology.
What is the history of humans?
The history of humans is a long and complex one. Humans evolved from apes in Africa over 200,000 years ago. They then spread to other parts of the world and developed different cultures and civilizations.
What is the future of humans?
The future of humans is uncertain. There are many challenges that humans face, such as Climate Change, overpopulation, and nuclear war. However, humans are also a resilient species and have overcome many challenges in the past.

Sure, here are some multiple choice questions about the topics of Plate tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanoes-2/”>Volcanoes:

Which of the following is not a type of plate boundary?
(A) Convergent
(B) Divergent
(C) Transform
(D) Volcanic
The San Andreas Fault is an example of which type of plate boundary?
(A) Convergent
(B) Divergent
(C) Transform
The Ring of Fire is a region of the Earth that is home to many volcanoes. This is because the Ring of Fire is located at the boundary of which tectonic plates?
(A) The Pacific Plate and the North American Plate
(B) The Pacific Plate and the Eurasian Plate
(C) The Pacific Plate and the African Plate
What is the most common type of earthquake?
(A) Tectonic
(B) Volcanic
(C) Magnitude
What is the Richter magnitude scale?
(A) A scale that measures the energy released by an earthquake
(B) A scale that measures the damage caused by an earthquake
(C) A scale that measures the depth of an earthquake
What is the Mercalli intensity scale?
(A) A scale that measures the energy released by an earthquake
(B) A scale that measures the damage caused by an earthquake
(C) A scale that measures the depth of an earthquake
What is the most common type of volcano?
(A) Shield volcano
(B) Stratovolcano
(C) Cinder cone volcano
What is the largest volcano on Earth?
(A) Mauna Loa
(B) Mount Everest
(C) K2
What is the most active volcano on Earth?
(A) Kilauea
(B) Etna
(C) Stromboli

I hope these questions were helpful!